Gothic architecture, popular in the Middle Ages, is known for its distinctive pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for the construction of taller and more spacious buildings.

Structural engineers in architectural engineering are responsible for ensuring the structural integrity of buildings, bridges, and other structures, ensuring their ability to withstand various loads and forces.

Reinforced concrete structures utilize concrete reinforced with steel bars or mesh, providing increased strength and resistance to tensile forces.

Thermal insulation in building design aims to minimize heat transfer between the interior and exterior of a building, reducing energy consumption and improving energy efficiency.

Awnings are architectural elements typically installed over windows or doors to provide shade and control the amount of sunlight entering a building.

Columns are vertical structural elements that carry the weight of the building and transfer it to the foundation.

Pile foundations are used in soft or unstable soil conditions, where piles are driven deep into the ground to provide support for the building.

The building envelope, consisting of the exterior walls, roof, and windows, is designed to control the temperature and humidity within the building.

Renaissance architecture, popular during the 15th and 16th centuries, is characterized by its revival of classical elements from ancient Greece and Rome.

Construction refers to the process of building a structure from the ground up or converting a design into a physical reality.

Beams are horizontal structural elements that transfer the weight of a roof or floor to the supporting walls or columns.

The mechanical system in a building is responsible for controlling the temperature, humidity, and air quality within the building.

Modernist architecture, popular in the 20th century, is known for its emphasis on simplicity, functionality, and the use of geometric forms.

Renovation refers to the process of improving or modernizing an existing building by making changes to its structure, interior, or exterior.

Beams are horizontal structural elements that provide a clear span between two supports, allowing for open spaces and flexible layouts.