The Cinematograph Act, 1952, is the primary legislation that regulates the exhibition of films in India. It establishes the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) and empowers it to examine and certify films before their public release.

The CBFC does not have a category called 'S (Special)'. The other three categories, U, A, and UA, are used to classify films based on their suitability for different age groups.

The CBFC's guidelines encompass a wide range of considerations, including moral and ethical values, national security and integrity, religious sentiments, and other factors that may affect public order or decency.

Self-censorship in the Indian film industry refers to the practice where filmmakers proactively modify their content to comply with perceived societal norms and expectations, even in the absence of explicit censorship directives.

In the landmark case of K.A. Abbas v. Union of India (1971), the Supreme Court held that prior censorship of films is unconstitutional and violates the freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution.

Pahlaj Nihalani's tenure as the chairperson of CBFC from 2015 to 2017 was marked by increased censorship of films, with several high-profile controversies and allegations of arbitrary decision-making.

Alankrita Shrivastava, the director of 'Lipstick Under My Burkha', challenged the CBFC's decision to ban her film in court. The Bombay High Court eventually overturned the ban, allowing the film to be released.

'Udta Punjab' faced controversy due to allegations of drug abuse and glorification of violence, depiction of political corruption and police brutality, and use of profanity and vulgar language. The CBFC initially demanded extensive cuts, leading to a legal battle before the film was eventually released with minimal modifications.

Certification with caution involves granting a film a certificate while issuing specific warnings or advisories to the audience about potentially sensitive or controversial content. This allows the film to be released while informing viewers about its potentially objectionable elements.

Padmaavat, a historical drama directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, was banned by the CBFC in 2018 due to protests and allegations that it distorted historical facts and disrespected the Rajput community.

The 'kissing controversy' surrounding 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' stemmed from the CBFC's decision to censor a kissing scene between the lead actors, Ranbir Kapoor and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, deeming it 'too sensual' and 'inappropriate' for Indian audiences.

PK, a satirical comedy-drama directed by Rajkumar Hirani, was banned by the CBFC in 2015 due to allegations that it contained 'vulgar' and 'obscene' content, including scenes involving nudity and sexual innuendos.

The 'CBFC vs Netflix' controversy arose when Netflix, a global streaming platform, refused to submit its content to the CBFC for certification, arguing that it was not subject to Indian censorship laws. This led to debates about the regulation of online streaming content and the applicability of traditional censorship mechanisms in the digital age.

The Da Vinci Code, a mystery thriller based on Dan Brown's novel, was banned by the CBFC in 2017 due to allegations that it contained 'blasphemous' and 'offensive' content, including references to the Holy Grail and the relationship between Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene.