The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, marked a pivotal moment in the history of human rights by outlining fundamental rights and freedoms to be universally protected.

Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945, is widely recognized for popularizing the term 'social justice' and advocating for the rights of marginalized groups.

The Civil Rights Movement, led by prominent figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., fought against racial segregation and discrimination in the United States, culminating in landmark legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

The United Nations Human Rights Council is tasked with promoting and protecting human rights around the world, investigating violations, and making recommendations for improving human rights conditions.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty that seeks to eliminate discrimination against women in all areas of life.

Institutional racism refers to the systemic and ingrained discrimination against a particular racial group that is embedded in the institutions and structures of a society.

Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in the United States that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the previous 'separate but equal' doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson.

Environmental racism refers to the disproportionate exposure of marginalized communities to environmental hazards, such as toxic waste, air pollution, and climate change impacts.

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights outlines the economic, social, and cultural rights that all individuals are entitled to, including the right to work, social security, education, and cultural expression.

Emile Durkheim is widely considered the father of modern sociology for his pioneering work on social solidarity, social anomie, and the division of labor.

The Labor Movement, also known as the trade union movement, aimed to improve the working conditions and rights of workers, leading to the establishment of labor unions and collective bargaining.

Institutional racism refers to the systemic and ingrained discrimination against a particular racial group that is embedded in the institutions and structures of a society.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child is an international treaty that outlines the rights of children, including the right to survival, development, protection, and participation.

Karl Marx is widely recognized for developing the theory of social stratification, which analyzes the hierarchical structure of society based on economic classes.

The Women's Suffrage Movement fought for the right of women to vote, culminating in the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.