Functionalist theory argues that social stratification is necessary for the smooth functioning of society, as it ensures that different roles are filled by individuals with the appropriate skills and abilities.

Marxist theory emphasizes the role of economic factors in shaping social stratification, arguing that the ownership of wealth and the means of production determines an individual's position in society.

Conflict theory argues that social stratification is a result of the struggle for power and resources between different groups in society, leading to the emergence of dominant and subordinate classes.

Status inconsistency occurs when an individual's social status varies across different dimensions, such as occupation, education, and income, leading to potential contradictions and tensions in their social position.

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes or strata, either upward or downward, over time.

Oligarchy refers to a form of government in which power is held by a small group of individuals, often from the same social class or background.

Elite theory posits that political power is concentrated in the hands of a small, cohesive elite who use their economic resources to maintain their dominance and influence policy decisions.

C. Wright Mills introduced the concept of the 'power elite' in his book 'The Power Elite,' arguing that a small group of individuals from the economic, political, and military spheres hold disproportionate power and influence in society.

Power is the ability to exert influence over others, even when they are unwilling or resistant, and can be exercised through various means, such as coercion, persuasion, or manipulation.

Political succession refers to the process by which political power is transferred from one leader or group to another, either through elections, appointment, or other mechanisms.

Pluralist theory argues that political power is dispersed among a multitude of interest groups, each representing different segments of society, and that these groups compete with each other to influence policy decisions.

Antonio Gramsci introduced the concept of 'hegemony' to describe the process by which a dominant class maintains its power and influence by gaining the consent of the subordinate classes through cultural and ideological means.

Legitimacy refers to the belief that a political system is just and fair, and that its authority is rightful and deserving of obedience from its citizens.

Political mobilization refers to the process of organizing and activating individuals or groups to participate in political activities, often with the aim of influencing policy decisions or achieving specific political goals.

Social contract theory argues that political power is legitimate only if it is based on the consent of the governed, and that individuals have the right to withdraw their consent if the government fails to fulfill its obligations.