The biopsychosocial model of health emphasizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in determining an individual's health status. Spiritual factors are not explicitly included in this model.

Somatization refers to the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms without a clear organic cause.

Pessimism, characterized by a negative outlook on life and a tendency to expect negative outcomes, has been associated with poorer health outcomes and increased mortality.

Shared decision-making involves a collaborative process between healthcare providers and patients, where both parties actively participate in making informed decisions about the patient's care.

A positive attitude towards medication is generally associated with better adherence, rather than being a barrier.

Health information seeking refers to the active process of searching for and acquiring information about health and healthcare.

Resilience, characterized by the ability to bounce back from adversity and cope with stressful situations, has been linked to better recovery outcomes and adherence to treatment.

Hypochondriasis is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with the fear of having a serious illness, despite medical reassurance.

Self-efficacy, or the belief in one's ability to perform a specific behavior, has been found to be a strong predictor of adherence to preventive health behaviors.

Catastrophizing refers to the tendency to exaggerate the severity and consequences of a health condition, leading to excessive worry and distress.

Health anxiety, characterized by excessive worry about one's health, has been associated with increased healthcare utilization and poorer health outcomes.

Adaptation refers to the process by which individuals adjust to and manage the challenges of living with a chronic illness, including emotional, psychological, and social adjustments.

Patient-centered care, which emphasizes the patient's perspective, values, and preferences in healthcare decision-making, has been linked to higher patient satisfaction.

Externalization refers to the tendency to attribute the causes of one's health problems to external factors, rather than internal psychological factors.

Self-efficacy, or the belief in one's ability to perform a specific behavior, has been found to be a strong predictor of medication adherence and improved health outcomes.