James Fergusson is widely regarded as the father of Indian art history. His influential work, "History of Indian and Eastern Architecture", published in 1876, laid the foundation for the study of Indian art and architecture.

Stella Kramrisch was a renowned scholar who made significant contributions to the study of Indian temple architecture. Her book, "The Hindu Temple", published in 1946, is considered a seminal work in the field.

Ananda K. Coomaraswamy was known for his focus on the spiritual and philosophical aspects of Indian art. He believed that Indian art was a manifestation of the divine and sought to understand its deeper meaning and symbolism.

Formal analysis, iconographic analysis, and historical analysis are all commonly used methodologies in the study of Indian art and architecture. Formal analysis focuses on the visual and aesthetic qualities of the artwork, iconographic analysis examines the symbolic and religious content, and historical analysis investigates the artwork's historical context and significance.

The "Natya Shastra" is an ancient Sanskrit text attributed to the sage Bharata Muni. It is considered a foundational text in Indian aesthetics and art theory, providing insights into the principles of dance, drama, and music, as well as the broader concepts of beauty, form, and expression in Indian art.

Gothic architecture is characterized by the use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It emerged in the 12th century in Europe and is often associated with cathedrals and other religious buildings.

A "torana" is a ceremonial gateway or archway commonly found in Indian architecture, particularly in Buddhist and Hindu temples. It serves as an entrance to sacred spaces and is often elaborately decorated with sculptures and carvings.

The Khajuraho Temples are renowned for their intricate carvings and sculptures depicting scenes from Hindu mythology, erotic art, and everyday life. These temples were built during the Chandela dynasty between the 9th and 11th centuries and are considered a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

A "stupa" is a hemispherical structure in Buddhist architecture that serves as a reliquary monument. It is used to enshrine sacred relics, such as the remains of the Buddha or other revered figures. Stupas are often elaborately decorated with sculptures and carvings depicting scenes from the Buddha's life and teachings.

Islamic architecture is characterized by the use of domes, minarets, and intricate geometric patterns. It emerged in the 7th century with the rise of Islam and spread across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia. Islamic architecture often incorporates elements from local traditions and is known for its beauty and grandeur.

The "mandala" is a geometric diagram that represents the cosmos and spiritual unity in Indian art and architecture. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices and is believed to symbolize the interconnectedness of all things. Mandalas are often found in temples, paintings, and other forms of Indian art.

The Mahabalipuram Shore Temple is known for its massive monolithic sculptures of elephants and lions. These sculptures are carved out of a single rock and are considered to be masterpieces of Indian art. The temple is located in Tamil Nadu, India, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

A "mihrab" is a niche in a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca, the holiest city in Islam. It is usually located in the center of the qibla wall, which is the wall facing Mecca. Muslims face the mihrab during prayer to align themselves towards the direction of Mecca.

Modernist architecture is characterized by the use of flat roofs, whitewashed walls, and simple geometric forms. It emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction against the elaborate ornamentation and historical styles of the past. Modernist architects sought to create buildings that were functional, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing.

The "gopuram" is a gateway or entrance tower to a temple complex in South Indian architecture. It is typically a tall, multi-storied structure elaborately decorated with sculptures and carvings depicting scenes from Hindu mythology and religious texts. The gopuram serves as a symbolic threshold between the secular world and the sacred space of the temple.