Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms, providing valuable insights into past life forms.

Petrified fossils are formed when minerals replace the organic material of an organism, preserving its original hard parts.

Carbonization is the process by which organic material is converted into a carbon-rich film, preserving the shape and structure of the organism.

A mold is formed when a cavity left by a decayed organism is filled with minerals, preserving the shape and internal structure of the organism.

A cast is formed when minerals fill the cavity of a mold, creating a replica of the original organism.

Carbonized fossils are formed when an organism is preserved in its entirety, often in exceptional detail, due to the rapid burial and carbonization of the remains.

Paleontology is the study of ancient life and prehistoric organisms, using fossils and other evidence to reconstruct past environments and ecosystems.

Paleobotany is the branch of paleontology that focuses on the study of plant fossils, providing insights into ancient plant life and vegetation.

Paleozoology is the branch of paleontology that focuses on the study of animal fossils, providing insights into ancient animal life and evolution.

Micropaleontology is the branch of paleontology that focuses on the study of microscopic fossils, such as pollen, spores, and diatoms, providing insights into ancient environments and climate.

Invertebrate Paleontology is the branch of paleontology that focuses on the study of invertebrate fossils, providing insights into the evolution and diversity of invertebrate life.

Trace fossils are fossilized evidence of ancient behavior and activities, such as footprints, burrows, and feeding trails, providing insights into the behavior and ecology of prehistoric organisms.

Paleobiogeography is the study of the distribution of fossils in space and time, providing insights into ancient ecosystems, migration patterns, and the evolution of biodiversity.

Paleoclimatology is the branch of paleontology that focuses on the study of ancient climates and environments, using fossil evidence and other data to reconstruct past climate conditions.

Taphonomy is the study of the processes that lead to the formation and preservation of fossils, including the decay and decomposition of organisms, burial, and fossilization.