The Nyaya school of thought, founded by Gautama, places great importance on perception as a reliable means of acquiring knowledge. It posits that knowledge is derived through direct sensory experience and logical reasoning.

Anumana refers to the process of logical inference in Indian epistemology. It involves deriving knowledge from observed evidence or premises through a logical structure, such as deductive or inductive reasoning.

The Mimamsa school of thought, founded by Jaimini, places great importance on scriptural authority, particularly the Vedas, as a source of knowledge. It focuses on the interpretation and application of Vedic texts to gain knowledge about religious rituals and duties.

Sabda refers to the process of gaining knowledge through testimony or reliable sources in Indian epistemology. It involves accepting knowledge from trustworthy individuals, scriptures, or experts in a particular field.

The Vedanta school of thought, particularly Advaita Vedanta, emphasizes the role of intuition or direct insight (jnana) as a means of gaining knowledge about the ultimate reality (Brahman). It posits that knowledge is gained through self-realization and the realization of the oneness of the individual soul (Atman) with Brahman.

Upamana refers to the process of gaining knowledge through comparison or analogy in Indian epistemology. It involves drawing parallels between two similar objects or situations to infer knowledge about one based on the known characteristics of the other.

The Carvaka school of thought, also known as Lokayata, emphasizes the role of skepticism and critical inquiry in the pursuit of knowledge. It rejects the authority of scriptures and metaphysical speculations, advocating for a materialistic and empirical approach to understanding the world.

Atmavichara, also known as self-inquiry, refers to the process of gaining knowledge through self-reflection or introspection in Indian epistemology. It involves examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and experiences to gain insights into the nature of reality and the self.

The Yoga school of thought, particularly Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, emphasizes the role of yoga and meditation as a means of gaining knowledge. It posits that through the practice of yoga and meditation, one can achieve a state of higher consciousness and gain insights into the nature of reality and the self.

Vyakarana refers to the process of gaining knowledge through the study of language and grammar in Indian epistemology. It involves analyzing the structure and rules of language to understand the meaning and significance of words and sentences.

Karma Mimamsa, also known as Purva Mimamsa, emphasizes the role of action and practical experience as a source of knowledge. It focuses on the interpretation and application of Vedic texts related to ritual actions and duties, positing that knowledge is gained through the proper performance of these actions.

Swapna refers to the process of gaining knowledge through dreams or altered states of consciousness in Indian epistemology. It involves analyzing the content and symbolism of dreams to derive insights into the nature of reality and the self.

Alankara, also known as Poetics, emphasizes the role of aesthetics and artistic experience as a source of knowledge. It involves analyzing literary works, poetry, and other forms of art to gain insights into the nature of beauty, emotions, and human experience.

Itihasa refers to the process of gaining knowledge through the study of history and tradition in Indian epistemology. It involves examining historical texts, legends, and narratives to understand the past and derive insights into the present and future.

Dharma, also known as Ethics, emphasizes the role of ethics and moral reasoning as a source of knowledge. It involves examining the nature of right and wrong, virtue and vice, and the ethical implications of human actions.