Experimental design is characterized by random assignment of participants to different treatment groups, allowing researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

A pilot study is conducted to assess the feasibility and practicality of a research design, identify potential problems, and make necessary modifications before conducting the main study.

Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into strata based on specific characteristics and then randomly selecting participants from each stratum.

Random sampling offers several advantages, including equal chance of selection for each population member, reduced bias, and the ability to generalize findings to the entire population.

Observational design involves observing participants in their natural settings without manipulating variables, allowing researchers to study real-world phenomena.

A population is the entire group that the researcher is interested in studying, while a sample is a subset of that population that is selected for study.

Cluster sampling involves selecting groups (clusters) of participants based on their proximity to each other, rather than selecting individual participants.

Convenience sampling is more likely to be biased, more difficult to generalize findings, and more expensive to conduct than a random sample.

Experimental design involves comparing two or more groups that are similar in all respects except for the independent variable, allowing researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

A research hypothesis serves multiple purposes, including providing a specific prediction, guiding the study design, and helping researchers interpret the findings.

Simple random sampling involves selecting participants based on a predetermined probability, ensuring that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Stratified sampling offers several advantages, including ensuring representation of each stratum, reducing bias, and allowing for generalization to the entire population.

Quasi-experimental design involves comparing two or more groups that are not similar in all respects, making it difficult to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Systematic sampling does not have any inherent disadvantages compared to other sampling methods.

Exploratory design involves exploring a new phenomenon or issue without a specific hypothesis, allowing researchers to gain insights and formulate hypotheses for future studies.