Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable energy sources because they are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years and cannot be replenished at a rate comparable to their consumption.

Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, are sustainable because they are derived from natural processes that are constantly replenished, unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.

The industrial sector, which includes manufacturing, mining, and construction, is the largest consumer of energy worldwide, accounting for approximately 37% of global energy consumption.

The use of renewable energy contributes to economic sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, creating jobs in the clean energy sector, and enhancing energy security by reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels.

As of 2022, China has the highest installed capacity of renewable energy in the world, with a total of 1,100 gigawatts, followed by the United States and Germany.

Energy transition refers to the gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable energy systems.

The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, is an international agreement that aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. It also promotes the transition to renewable energy and sustainable development.

The primary challenge associated with the integration of renewable energy into the electricity grid is its intermittency, meaning that the availability of solar and wind power depends on weather conditions, which can lead to fluctuations in electricity generation.

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity is a technology that involves pumping water uphill when there is excess electricity available and releasing it downhill through a turbine to generate electricity when needed, providing a means of storing and releasing energy.

The use of renewable energy contributes to job creation in various sectors, including manufacturing of renewable energy technologies, installation and maintenance of renewable energy systems, and research and development in renewable energy technologies.

Geothermal energy, which harnesses heat from the Earth's interior, is known for its rapid growth and potential to provide baseload power, meaning it can generate electricity continuously, regardless of weather conditions.

Renewable portfolio standards (RPS) are a policy mechanism that requires electricity providers to generate a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources, thereby promoting the adoption of renewable energy technologies.

Solar energy, particularly through photovoltaic (PV) systems, is often used in remote areas where grid infrastructure is limited, as it can provide electricity without the need for extensive transmission and distribution networks.

The use of renewable energy contributes to energy security by reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels, enhancing resilience to energy price fluctuations, and promoting energy independence.

Wind energy, particularly through offshore wind farms, has the potential to provide large-scale electricity generation and is often used in offshore applications due to stronger and more consistent wind resources.