Drag is the primary force that opposes the motion of a ship through water, acting in the opposite direction of the ship's movement.

Resistance experienced by a ship in water is influenced by a combination of skin friction, wave-making resistance, and viscous resistance.

Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by water on a floating object, equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object.

Metacentric height (GM) is a measure of a ship's initial stability, indicating its resistance to heeling over when subjected to external forces.

A ship's propeller is designed to generate thrust by pushing water backward, propelling the ship forward.

Wave-making resistance is a type of ship resistance caused by the formation of waves at the ship's hull, resulting from the displacement of water.

Heel is the angle at which a ship tilts to one side when subjected to external forces, such as wind or waves.

A ship's rudder is primarily used to steer the ship by changing the direction of water flow around the hull.

The speed of a ship is influenced by a combination of factors, including hull shape, engine power, and propeller efficiency.

Heave is the vertical motion of a ship in waves, involving the rise and fall of the ship's center of gravity.

Skin friction resistance is a type of ship resistance caused by the interaction between the hull and the water, resulting from the frictional forces between the hull surface and the water.

Pitch is the horizontal motion of a ship in waves, involving the angular motion of the ship about its transverse axis.

Pressure resistance is a type of ship resistance caused by the pressure difference between the front and rear of the hull, resulting from the acceleration of water around the hull.

Yaw is the rotational motion of a ship about its vertical axis, involving the change in the ship's heading.