The Sumerians of Mesopotamia developed the earliest known form of writing, cuneiform, around 3500 BCE.

The Great Pyramid of Giza was built as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu, also known as Cheops, and is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Galileo Galilei is widely regarded as the father of modern science for his contributions to the scientific method and his discoveries in astronomy and physics.

The Scientific Revolution was a period of rapid scientific advancement and discovery that occurred in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Isaac Newton is known for developing the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, which laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

Galileo Galilei used a refracting telescope, which uses lenses to focus light, to make his observations of the solar system.

Charles Darwin is known for his theory of evolution by natural selection, which explains how species change over time through the process of natural selection.

The Royal Society was founded in London in 1660 and is one of the oldest scientific societies in the world.

Michael Faraday is known for his work on electricity and magnetism, including his discovery of electromagnetic induction.

The spectroscope allowed scientists to study the composition of gases by analyzing the light emitted or absorbed by them.

Albert Einstein is known for his theory of relativity, which revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and gravity.

The X-ray machine allowed scientists to study the structure of atoms by using X-rays to penetrate materials and create images of their internal structure.

Max Planck is known for his work on quantum mechanics, including his discovery of the quantum of energy.

X-ray crystallography allowed scientists to study the structure of DNA by using X-rays to determine the arrangement of atoms within the molecule.

James Watson is known for his work on the structure of DNA, along with Francis Crick, which led to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.