Gerardus Mercator was a Flemish cartographer who is credited with creating the Mercator projection, which is still used today for navigation and mapping.

The Turin Papyrus Map is an ancient Egyptian map dating back to the 13th century BC. It is the oldest known map in the world.

Portolan charts were used by sailors to navigate the Mediterranean Sea. They were drawn on parchment and showed coastlines, ports, and other navigational features.

The Mercator projection was designed to make it easier for sailors to navigate the oceans. It is a conformal projection, which means that it preserves angles and shapes.

The Robinson projection was designed to create a world map that was both accurate and visually appealing. It is an equal-area projection, which means that it preserves the relative sizes of landmasses.

The Peters projection was designed to create a world map that was more accurate in terms of the relative sizes of landmasses. It is an equal-area projection, like the Robinson projection, but it uses a different mathematical formula.

The Goode's Homolosine projection was designed to create a world map that was both accurate and visually appealing. It is an equal-area projection, like the Robinson and Peters projections, but it uses a different mathematical formula.

The Winkel Tripel projection was designed to create a world map that was both accurate and visually appealing. It is an equal-area projection, like the Robinson, Peters, and Goode's Homolosine projections, but it uses a different mathematical formula.

The Mollweide projection was designed to create a world map that was both accurate and visually appealing. It is an equal-area projection, like the Robinson, Peters, Goode's Homolosine, and Winkel Tripel projections, but it uses a different mathematical formula.

The Hammer projection was designed to create a world map that was both accurate and visually appealing. It is an equal-area projection, like the Robinson, Peters, Goode's Homolosine, Winkel Tripel, and Mollweide projections, but it uses a different mathematical formula.

The Albers Equal-Area projection is a conformal projection that is used for creating accurate land surveys. It is often used for mapping large areas of land, such as states or countries.

The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is a conformal projection that is used for creating accurate land surveys. It is often used for mapping large areas of land, such as states or countries.

The Transverse Mercator projection is a conformal projection that is used for creating accurate land surveys. It is often used for mapping long, narrow areas of land, such as coastlines or rivers.

The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection is a conformal projection that is used for creating accurate land surveys. It is a global projection that is divided into 60 zones, each of which is 6 degrees wide.

The State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) is a conformal projection that is used for creating accurate land surveys. It is a state-based projection that is divided into zones, each of which is 6 degrees wide.