Democratization involves the expansion of political participation and the inclusion of a broader range of citizens in the decision-making process.

The defining characteristic of a democracy is the presence of free and fair elections, allowing citizens to choose their representatives and hold them accountable.

High levels of economic inequality can create social tensions and instability, making it easier for authoritarian leaders to seize power.

Democratization refers to the process by which authoritarian regimes transition to democracy, involving the establishment of democratic institutions and practices.

Authoritarian regimes often restrict freedom of the press and other forms of media, limiting the flow of information and public discourse.

Consolidation refers to the process by which democratic institutions and practices are strengthened and become more устойчивый, reducing the risk of democratic backsliding.

Authoritarian regimes often maintain their power through the use of a repressive state apparatus, including security forces, surveillance, and censorship.

Hybrid regimes are political systems that combine elements of both democracy and authoritarianism, often involving limited democratic reforms while maintaining significant authoritarian control.

Newly democratized countries often face a range of challenges, including constitutional crises, economic instability, ethnic conflicts, and the need to build and consolidate democratic institutions.

Authoritarianization refers to the process by which democratic institutions and practices are eroded or undermined, often leading to the establishment of an authoritarian regime.

The success of democratization is often associated with a combination of factors, including strong economic growth, a large and active civil society, and a history of democratic rule.

Economic authoritarianism refers to the use of economic liberalization policies by authoritarian regimes to maintain their power, often by co-opting economic elites and creating a stake in the regime's survival.

Democratic regimes are characterized by the protection of minority rights, accountability of government officials, and transparency in decision-making.

Authoritarianization refers to the process by which democratic institutions and practices are weakened or undermined, often leading to the establishment of an authoritarian regime.

The failure of democratization is often associated with a combination of factors, including weak economic growth, a weak and fragmented civil society, and a history of authoritarian rule.