Sociology is the scientific study of human behavior in social contexts. It examines how individuals and groups interact with each other, how societies are organized, and how social factors influence human behavior.

Auguste Comte is widely regarded as the father of sociology. He coined the term 'sociology' and developed the concept of social statics and social dynamics, laying the foundation for the discipline.

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of symbols and meanings in shaping human behavior and social interactions.

Functionalism is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of social institutions and norms in maintaining social order and stability.

Conflict theory is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of power and inequality in shaping social interactions and social structures.

The concept of 'habitus' is associated with social constructivism, which emphasizes the role of social interactions and cultural contexts in shaping individual behavior and cognition.

Feminist theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on the study of gender inequality and the experiences of women in society.

Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in a society based on factors such as wealth, power, and prestige.

Post-structuralism is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of language and discourse in shaping social reality and individual experiences.

The concept of 'social capital' is associated with social network theory, which emphasizes the role of social networks and relationships in shaping individual and collective outcomes.

Rational choice theory is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of rational decision-making in shaping individual behavior and social interactions.

Socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn the values, norms, and behaviors of their society, enabling them to function as members of that society.

Structuralism is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of social structures, such as institutions and power relations, in shaping individual behavior and social interactions.

The concept of 'cultural relativism' is associated with cultural anthropology, which emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural practices and beliefs within their own cultural context.

Social exchange theory is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of rewards and costs in shaping social interactions and relationships.