The Mesopotamians, an ancient civilization that flourished in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, are widely recognized as the inventors of the wheel around 3500 BC. This invention revolutionized transportation and warfare, enabling the development of chariots and other wheeled vehicles.

Johannes Gutenberg, a German goldsmith and inventor, is credited with inventing the printing press in the mid-15th century. His invention revolutionized the way books and other written materials were produced, making them more accessible and affordable, and thus contributing significantly to the spread of knowledge and ideas during the Renaissance and beyond.

James Watt, a Scottish engineer and inventor, is widely recognized as the father of the modern steam engine. His improvements to the steam engine, including the separate condenser and the double-acting engine, greatly increased its efficiency and paved the way for its widespread adoption in factories, mines, and transportation systems, driving the Industrial Revolution.

Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist and inventor, is renowned for his groundbreaking experiments and discoveries in electricity. He invented the voltaic pile, the first electric battery, in 1800, which provided a continuous source of electrical current. This invention paved the way for the development of various electrical devices and technologies.

Samuel Morse, an American inventor and artist, is credited with inventing the telegraph in the 1830s. His invention, which utilized a system of dots and dashes (Morse code), enabled the transmission of messages over long distances via electrical signals, revolutionizing communication and facilitating the exchange of information.

Wilhelm Röntgen, a German physicist, is credited with discovering X-rays in 1895. His discovery, which involved the use of cathode rays and fluorescent screens, revolutionized the field of medicine by providing a non-invasive method for examining the internal structures of the body, leading to advancements in diagnosis and treatment.

The Wright Brothers, Orville and Wilbur, are widely recognized as the pioneers of aviation. In 1903, they successfully conducted the first controlled, sustained flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, ushering in the era of powered flight and revolutionizing transportation and warfare.

Charles Babbage, an English mathematician and inventor, is considered the father of the modern computer. In the 19th century, he conceived and designed the Analytical Engine, a mechanical general-purpose computer that incorporated the essential features of modern computers, including programmability, memory, and arithmetic operations.

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, American physicists at Bell Labs, are credited with inventing the transistor in 1947. This invention, which replaced vacuum tubes in electronic devices, revolutionized the field of electronics, leading to the development of smaller, more powerful, and more energy-efficient devices.

James Watson and Francis Crick, British scientists, are credited with discovering the structure of DNA in 1953. Their discovery, based on X-ray diffraction data obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, revealed the double helix structure of DNA, providing fundamental insights into the genetic code and paving the way for advancements in genetics and molecular biology.

Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, American computer scientists, are widely regarded as the fathers of the internet. In the 1970s, they developed the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), the fundamental communication protocols that enable data transmission over the internet, laying the foundation for the global network that we know today.

Apple, an American technology company, is credited with introducing the first iPhone in 2007. The iPhone, with its touchscreen interface, mobile operating system, and wide range of applications, revolutionized the mobile phone industry and set the standard for modern smartphones, transforming the way people communicate, access information, and interact with the world around them.

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, an international collaboration of scientists, is credited with the discovery of gravitational waves in 2015. Using two large-scale interferometers, LIGO detected the ripples in spacetime caused by the collision of two black holes, confirming a key prediction of Einstein's theory of general relativity and opening a new window into the universe.

Pfizer and Moderna, American pharmaceutical companies, are credited with developing the first mRNA vaccines approved for use against COVID-19 in 2020. mRNA vaccines work by introducing genetic material that encodes for a specific protein found on the surface of the virus, triggering an immune response without the need for a live virus. This breakthrough in vaccine technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we prevent and treat infectious diseases.

OpenAI, an American artificial intelligence research company, is credited with developing ChatGPT, a powerful language model that has demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating human-like text, translating languages, writing different types of content, and answering complex questions. ChatGPT's advancements in natural language processing have the potential to transform various industries and applications.