Protons are fundamental particles found in the nucleus of atoms. They play a key role in nuclear reactions, including fusion reactions that power stars and generate energy.

Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is a theory that describes the interactions between light and matter at the quantum level, providing a unified framework for understanding electromagnetic phenomena.

Black holes are regions of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They are characterized by their intense gravitational field and the ability to distort spacetime.

The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the origin and evolution of the universe. It proposes that the universe began as a singularity and has been expanding ever since.

Thermal radiation is the emission of electromagnetic radiation due to the thermal energy of a material. It is a fundamental process that occurs in celestial objects, causing them to emit light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.

Plasma Physics is the study of the properties and behavior of plasma, a state of matter characterized by high temperatures and ionization. It is relevant in astrophysics, fusion energy research, and other fields.

A supernova is a powerful explosion that occurs when a massive star collapses at the end of its life. It releases an enormous amount of energy and creates a shock wave that propagates through the surrounding interstellar medium.

The strong nuclear force is one of the fundamental forces of nature. It is responsible for binding protons and neutrons together to form atomic nuclei, overcoming the electromagnetic repulsion between positively charged protons.

Black holes are massive objects with a strong gravitational field that prevents anything, including light, from escaping. They are often found at the center of galaxies.

Astrophysics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of celestial objects and phenomena, such as stars, galaxies, and the universe as a whole.

Gravitational lensing is the bending of light and other electromagnetic waves as they pass through a gravitational field, such as that of a massive object like a star or a black hole.

Quantum Mechanics is the theory that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level. It provides a framework for understanding the behavior of particles, such as electrons and photons.

The Sun is a star that emits strong magnetic fields and is known for its rapid rotation. It is the source of solar flares and coronal mass ejections, which can have significant impacts on Earth's atmosphere and space environment.

Cryogenics is the study of the properties and behavior of materials at low temperatures, typically near absolute zero. It has applications in various fields, including superconductivity, quantum computing, and medical imaging.