Deforestation is not a direct consequence of urbanization but can be a result of industrialization and other human activities associated with urban growth.

Housing shortage in urban India is a complex issue with multiple contributing factors, including high demand, lack of affordable housing, and government policies that may not adequately address the needs of the urban population.

Reliable electricity supply is generally not considered a major component of inadequate infrastructure in urban India, although it can be an issue in some areas.

Air pollution in urban India is caused by a combination of factors, including vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, construction activities, and burning of waste.

Improved healthcare facilities are generally not considered a major social issue associated with urbanization in India, although they can be a challenge in some areas.

Economic inequality in urban India is a complex issue with multiple contributing factors, including unequal distribution of wealth, lack of job opportunities, and discrimination.

Encouraging rural-urban migration is not a challenge to sustainable urbanization but rather a consequence of urbanization.

The National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) aims to provide employment opportunities, improve housing conditions, provide basic services, and promote skill development among urban poor.

Preserving cultural heritage is not a key component of the Smart Cities Mission, although it may be considered in some city plans.

The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) aims to provide affordable housing to urban poor, with a focus on slum rehabilitation and redevelopment.

Effective citizen participation is not a challenge to urban governance but rather a key element of good governance.

The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) aims to improve urban infrastructure and services, promote sustainable urbanization, reduce urban poverty, and enhance urban resilience.

Improved living conditions are not a factor contributing to the growth of slums but rather a desired outcome of slum rehabilitation and upgrading programs.

The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) aims to improve healthcare services in urban areas, reduce maternal and child mortality, prevent and control communicable diseases, and promote healthy lifestyles.

Public participation is not a challenge to urban planning but rather a key element of good planning practices.