Quarks are the fundamental building blocks of matter in the Standard Model of particle physics. They combine to form protons, neutrons, and other hadrons.

The photon is the force carrier of the electromagnetic interaction. It is a massless, chargeless particle that mediates the interactions between electrically charged particles.

The W and Z bosons are the force carriers of the weak nuclear force. They are massive, charged particles that mediate the interactions between subatomic particles.

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong nuclear force. It is a non-Abelian gauge theory that describes the interactions between quarks and gluons.

Quarks are not leptons. Leptons are a class of elementary particles that do not experience the strong nuclear force, while quarks do.

The graviton is the hypothetical particle that mediates the gravitational force. It is a massless, spin-2 particle that has not yet been experimentally detected.

The top quark is the most massive elementary particle known to exist. It has a mass of about 173 GeV/c^2, which is about 35 times the mass of a proton.

Gauge symmetry is the symmetry that is responsible for the conservation of electric charge. It is a local symmetry that allows the electromagnetic field to be described by a gauge field.

The photon is an antiparticle of itself. This means that it is its own antiparticle and does not have a separate antiparticle.

Radioactive decay is the process by which a particle decays into two or more other particles. This process is often accompanied by the emission of energy in the form of radiation.

The photon is a boson. Bosons are particles that have integer spin, while fermions are particles that have half-integer spin.

The electroweak theory is the theory that unifies the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces. It was developed by Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg in the 1960s.

The electron is a fermion. Fermions are particles that have half-integer spin, while bosons are particles that have integer spin.

The Higgs boson is the particle that is responsible for the Higgs mechanism. The Higgs mechanism is the process by which elementary particles acquire mass.

The up quark is a quark. Quarks are the fundamental building blocks of matter in the Standard Model of particle physics.