Fiscal policy aims to influence the economy through government spending and taxation. Its primary goal is to promote economic growth by stimulating aggregate demand.

The primary tool of monetary policy is interest rates. By adjusting interest rates, central banks can influence the cost of borrowing and spending, thereby affecting economic activity.

Monetary policy is generally considered more effective in addressing short-term economic fluctuations due to its ability to quickly influence interest rates and credit conditions.

Quantitative easing is a monetary policy tool used to increase the money supply by purchasing financial assets from banks and other financial institutions.

Expansionary fiscal policy can lead to inflation, budget deficits, and crowding out, which occurs when government borrowing drives up interest rates and reduces private investment.

Contractionary monetary policy aims to reduce inflation by tightening the money supply and raising interest rates.

Contractionary fiscal policy can lead to recession, deflation, and increased unemployment, as it reduces aggregate demand and slows economic growth.

Fiscal policy utilizes government spending, taxation, and transfer payments to influence the economy.

Fiscal policy is generally considered more effective in addressing long-term economic growth due to its ability to influence investment, education, and infrastructure.

Open market operations are used by central banks to influence the money supply by buying or selling government securities in the open market.

Quantitative tightening can lead to recession, deflation, and increased unemployment, as it reduces the money supply and raises interest rates.

During a recession, fiscal policy aims to stimulate aggregate demand by increasing government spending, reducing taxes, and increasing transfer payments.

Expansionary monetary policy can lead to inflation, asset bubbles, and exchange rate depreciation, as it increases the money supply and lowers interest rates.

During a period of high inflation, monetary policy aims to reduce inflation by raising interest rates, reducing the money supply, and selling government securities.

Contractionary monetary policy can lead to recession, deflation, and increased unemployment, as it reduces the money supply and raises interest rates.