Bottom-up factors are stimulus-driven and include characteristics of the stimulus itself, such as its intensity, size, and color. Past experiences and context are top-down factors, which are influenced by our prior knowledge and expectations.

Perception is the process of interpreting and organizing sensory information into meaningful patterns. Sensation is the process of detecting physical stimuli from the environment. Attention is the process of focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others. Memory is the process of storing and retrieving information.

Closure is the tendency to perceive objects as complete and whole, even when they are partially hidden or incomplete. Figure-ground segregation is the process of separating an object from its background. Proximity and similarity are Gestalt principles that influence how we group objects together.

Proximity is a Gestalt principle that states that we tend to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to the same group. Figure-ground segregation, closure, and similarity are other Gestalt principles that influence how we group objects together.

Similarity is a Gestalt principle that states that we tend to perceive objects that are similar in appearance as belonging to the same group. Figure-ground segregation, closure, and proximity are other Gestalt principles that influence how we group objects together.

Cognition is the process of assigning meaning to sensory information. Perception is the process of interpreting and organizing sensory information into meaningful patterns. Sensation is the process of detecting physical stimuli from the environment. Attention is the process of focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

Top-down factors are influenced by our prior knowledge, expectations, and beliefs. Past experiences, context, and attention are all examples of top-down factors that can influence how we perceive sensory information.

Perceptual constancy is the tendency to perceive objects as being more stable and unchanging than they actually are. Illusions are misperceptions of sensory information. Hallucinations are experiences of sensory information in the absence of an external stimulus. Delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based in reality.

The spinning dancer illusion is an example of a perceptual illusion, where a static image of a dancer appears to be spinning. The moon appearing larger near the horizon, the phantom limb phenomenon, and the Ganzfeld effect are all examples of other perceptual illusions.

The phantom limb phenomenon is the experience of a sensation in a part of the body that is no longer there. Perceptual constancy, illusions, and hallucinations are all related to perception, but they do not involve the experience of sensations in missing body parts.

Seeing objects that are not there is an example of a hallucination. The moon appearing larger near the horizon, the spinning dancer illusion, and the phantom limb phenomenon are all examples of other perceptual phenomena, but they do not involve seeing objects that are not there.

Confirmation bias is the tendency to perceive objects in a way that is consistent with our expectations and beliefs. Perceptual constancy, illusions, and hallucinations are all related to perception, but they do not involve the influence of expectations and beliefs.

Confirmation bias is an example of a cognitive bias that can influence perception. Perceptual constancy, illusions, and hallucinations are all related to perception, but they are not cognitive biases.

Attention is the process of actively selecting and focusing on specific sensory information while ignoring others. Perception is the process of interpreting and organizing sensory information into meaningful patterns. Sensation is the process of detecting physical stimuli from the environment. Cognition is the process of assigning meaning to sensory information.

Bottom-up factors are stimulus-driven and include characteristics of the stimulus itself, such as its intensity, size, and color. Stimulus intensity is an example of a bottom-up factor that can influence attention.