Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1492 marked the European discovery of the Americas, although the continent was already inhabited by indigenous peoples.

Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, setting sail in 1519 and completing the journey in 1522.

Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in 1498 opened up a direct sea route from Europe to Asia, revolutionizing trade and exploration.

Vasco Núñez de Balboa's expedition in 1513 marked the first European sighting of the Pacific Ocean from the American mainland.

Marco Polo's travels in the 13th century provided Europeans with valuable knowledge about the East, influencing exploration and trade.

John Speke's expedition in 1862 identified Lake Victoria as the source of the Nile River, solving a long-standing geographical mystery.

Roald Amundsen's expedition in 1903-1906 successfully navigated the Northwest Passage, a sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Roald Amundsen's expedition in 1911 reached the South Pole, becoming the first humans to set foot on the southernmost point of the Earth.

Robert Peary's expedition in 1909 reached the North Pole, although the validity of his claim has been debated.

Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest in 1953, marking a historic milestone in mountaineering.

David Livingstone's explorations in Africa contributed significantly to the understanding of the continent's geography and cultures.

Charles Sturt's expeditions in the 1820s and 1830s provided valuable insights into the interior of Australia.

James Cook's voyages in the Pacific Ocean expanded European knowledge of the region and contributed to the understanding of Polynesian cultures.

Abel Tasman's expedition in 1642 resulted in the first European sighting of New Zealand.