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Taxonomy and systematics - class-XI

Description: taxonomy and systematics
Number of Questions: 97
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Tags: biology systematics of living world botany taxonomy and systematic botany
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Artificial system of classification classifies plants on the basis of

  1. One or very few characters

  2. Phylogenetic trends

  3. Many naturally existing characters

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The major advantage of the artificial system of the classification is considering one or few characters of the plants, so the option (A) is the correct answer.
The phylogenetic trends consideration are all comes under the natural classification, so the option (B) is not the correct answer.
The option (C) refers, many naturally existing characters, which is suitable for the natural classification, not for artificial classification, so the option (C) is also not the correct answer.

Reason for diversity in living being is 

  1. Mutation

  2. Long term evolutionary change

  3. Genetic recombination

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Mutation is the sudden change in the genetic composition of the living organism which is inherited from one generation to the other. Due to random changes in the genetic pool, it acts as a source of variation.

In order, to adjust the changing conditions with evolution, the organism undergoes changes in the genome which are inherited by generations and act as a source of diversity.
Genetic recombination is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. It leads to change in the genetic pool and act as a source of variation.
So, the correct answer is option D.

Arisotle classify plants into

  1. Trees

  2. Shrubs

  3. Trees, shrubs and herbs

  4. None of these


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Classification is the arrangement of living organisms into groups on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities between them and placing within taxonomic hierarchy such as kingdom, genus, species etc. Aristotle was the first to give a scientific basis for classification. He classified living organisms into two groups; plants and animals.
He divided plants into trees, shrubs and herbs on the basis of simple morphological characters.
So, the correct answer is 'Trees, shrubs and herbs'.

First great taxonomist was

  1. Linnaeus

  2. Hooker

  3. Aristotle

  4. Engler


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Carolus Linnaeus is a known taxonomist who proposed the classification system and the binomial nomenclature. The classification system is known as the artificial system of classification which is based on the floral characters. The structures of carpel and anther were taken into consideration for the classification. The binomial nomenclature was used for the naming of the organisms in which the first epithet describes the genus and the second epithet describes the species. He is regarded as the father of taxonomy. 
Thus, the correct answer is option A. 

Who proposed the natural classification of plants?

  1. Carolus Linnaeus

  2. John Hutchinson

  3. Bentham and Hooker

  4. Oswald Tippo


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The natural system of classification was proposed to classify the organism on the basis of similarities which can be easily observed. The classification takes into consideration the number of similar and different characters. The natural system of classification was introduced by Bentham and Hooker for the plants which have seeds. This was explained in the book Genera Plantarum which was published in three volumes and based on the work of these scientists.

Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

The branch dealing with classification is

  1. Genetics

  2. Ecology

  3. Taxonomy

  4. Nomenclature


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Genetics is the study of genes, its variation and heredity in organisms. Ecology is the study of the relationship of organisms with one another and with the environment. 
The branch of science dealing with classification of organisms is called as taxonomy.  
Nomenclature is a particular system of naming an individual.
Thus, the correct answer is 'Taxonomy'.

Father of taxonomy is

  1. De Candolle

  2. Hooker

  3. Linnaeus

  4. Aristotle


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Carl Von Linnaeus is known as the "Father of Taxonomy" owing to his immense contribution to the field of identifying, naming and classifying organisms. He popularized the binomial nomenclature system which is quite popular even today. He published a book named Systema Naturae which dealt with the classification of living organisms.
So, the correct answer is 'Linnaeus'

A system of classification in which a large number of traits are considered is:

  1. Artificial system

  2. Practical system

  3. Phylogenetic system

  4. Natural system


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

There are three systems of classification, namely artificial, natural and phylogenetic. In natural system of classification, a large number of traits are considered. It is based on morphological, anatomical, cytological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the organisms. The artificial system of classification is based on observable characteristics of the organisms. The phylogenetic system of classification is based on genetic and phylogenetic relationships between organisms.

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The branch dealing with classification is

  1. Genetics

  2. Ecology

  3. Taxonomy

  4. Nomenclature


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Classification of living organisms is covered under the branch "Taxonomy". The word taxonomy was coined by a Swiss Botanist, AP De Candolle who also devised a natural system of classification for plants. Nomenclature is the system of naming organisms scientifically following certain rules laid down by ICBN and ICZN.
So, the correct answer is, 'Taxonomy'.

Aristotle is considered as the

  1. Father of Biology

  2. Father of Zoology

  3. Father of Embryology

  4. All the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist who gave the original classification of living organisms based on environment, movement and structural similarities. Due to his extensive knowledge, he has been considered the father of Zoology, Biology, and Embryology. 

So, the correct option is 'All the above'.

The scientist(s) who gave artificial system of classification is/are

  1. Joseph Dalton Hooker

  2. George Bentham

  3. Linnaeus

  4. Engler and Pranti


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Carolus Linnaeus (1707- 1778), regarded as the “Father of Systematic Botany”‘, published an artificial system based exclusively on floral characters. Linnaeus sexual system based on floral characters is the most advanced of artificial classification. Linnaeus classifies all the flowering plants under twenty-four classes on the basis of floral character, which includes:
i. A number of stamens present in a flower.
ii. Insertation of floral parts into the thalamus.
iii. Arrangement adhesion and distribution of stamens.
iv. Nature of anther and filaments and their arrangement.
So, the correct answer is 'Linnaeus'.

Aristotle classify plants into

  1. Trees

  2. Shrubs

  3. Trees, shrubs and herbs

  4. None of these


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Classification is the arrangement of living organisms into groups on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities between them and placing within taxonomic hierarchy such as kingdom, genus, species etc. Aristotle was the first to give a scientific basis for classification. He classified living organisms into two groups; plants and animals.
He divided plants into trees, shrubs and herbs on the basis of simple morphological characters.
So, the correct answer is 'Trees, shrubs and herbs'.

In which year 'Mayer' was awarded by the international prize of biology:-

  1. $1983$

  2. $1997$

  3. $1994$

  4. $1999$


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Ernest Mayr was awarded the international prize of biology in the field of Systematic Biology and Taxonomy in the year 1994.

So, the correct option is '1994'.

Which is essential and is the prime sources of taxonomic studies of plants and animals?

  1. Identification

  2. Nomenclature

  3. Classification

  4. Collection of actual specimen


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals and microorganisms of the world using morphological, behavioural, genetic and biochemical observations, taxonomists identify, describe and arrange species into classifications including those that are new to science.

So, the correct option is 'Identification'.

In flowering plants, male gametes are formed by:-

  1. meiosis

  2. mitosis

  3. Amitosis

  4. Endomitosis


Correct Option: A

Which of the following is not a variation in rose plant?

  1. Spines

  2. Tendrils

  3. Leaf Margin

  4. Coloured plants


Correct Option: A

What type of fruit will be produced by fixing the stock of sour juice producing branch on scion of plant having sweet branch?

  1. Sweet and fibrous

  2. Sweet and juicy

  3. Sour and juicy

  4. Sour and fibrous


Correct Option: A

Prolongation of thalamus beyond carpel is present in?

  1. Foeniculum

  2. Silene

  3. Passiflora

  4. Both $(2)$ and $(3)$


Correct Option: A

The rootlets are repeatedly swollen thus giving a beaded appearance in?

  1. Dahlia

  2. Momordica

  3. Curcuma

  4. Ipecac


Correct Option: A

How many of the following features are exclusively associated with flowering plants ?
Presence of seeds, occurrence of fruit, Reduced male gametophyte, Double fertilisation, Diplontic life cycle, Triploid endosperm

  1. 6

  2. 5

  3. 4

  4. 3


Correct Option: A

A multicarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium is found in

  1. Papaver

  2. Michelia

  3. Hibiscus

  4. More than one option is correct


Correct Option: A

Which of the following classification is based in some morphological characters?

  1. Artificial

  2. Natural

  3. Phylogenetic

  4. Both (A) and (c)


Correct Option: A

Phytochemistry is not the basis of classification in

  1. Artificial system

  2. Chemotaxonomy

  3. Natural system

  4. More than one option is correct


Correct Option: A

The taxonomist who laid great emphasis on the structure and position of ovule in flower was 

  1. Hutchinson

  2. Bessey

  3. Tippo

  4. Eichler


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Bessey considered spermatophyta as having a polyphyletic origin, being composed by three different phyla, of which he only treated angiosperms. The most primitive, original flower had many separate petals, stamens and carpels. As they evolved, the parts of the flowers either fused together, reduced or became absent. The simple structures are not primitive, but have become simple as a result of a reduction from more complex parts. An example of the primitive flower would be the Ranunculus, buttercup flowers. A more advanced type of flowering plant would be the catkin inflorescences.

Concept of phylogeny was proposed by

  1. John Ray

  2. Lamarck

  3. Ernest Haeckel

  4. Darwin


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection to explain the process of evolution. Natural selection refers to unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce based on suitability of their inherited characters to prevailing environmental conditions; option D is incorrect. According to inheritance of acquired characters, a theory given by Lamarck, individual acquire characters under influence of needs as posed as changing environmental conditions; these characters are inherited. He explained evolution the long-necked giraffes from short-necked giraffes on the basis of his theory; option B is incorrect. John Ray proposed the typological species which is defined as a group of organisms that are morphologically similar irrespective of their breeding compatibility. It determines species as a static entity which can interbreed within their limit of variations and hence, is also termed as static concept; option A is incorrect. Haeckel coined the term phylogeny to refer study of ancestral relationship, lineages and that of evolutionary history of a taxonomic group; he built the first genealogical tree of life and proposed the biogenetic law which states that ontogeny repeats phylogeny. Here, ontogeny refers to life history of an individual and phylogeny is the history of evolution of the individual; option C is correct. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Taxonomy refers to

  1. Classification

  2. Plant nomenclature

  3. Plant affinity

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Taxonomy is the branch of science that deals with principles, rules and procedure of classification of organisms based on their similarities and dissimilarities. 

Since, identification and nomenclature is the prerequisite for classification; the first step in taxonomy is identification followed by nomenclature and then classification.
Nomenclature refers to assign a universal scientific name to taxon based on the international rules agreed upon by ICBN/ICZN/ ICVN/ICNCP to maintain uniformity in the system
Classification is arrangement of organisms into groups on the basis of their similarities and is preceded by identification and nomenclature. So, option A is the correct answer.

In a taxonomy, the first step is

  1. Identification

  2. Nomenclature

  3. Classification

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Taxonomy is the branch of science that deals with principles, rules and procedure of classification of organisms based on their similarities and dissimilarities. Since identification and nomenclature is the prerequisite for classification; the first step in taxonomy is identification followed by nomenclature and then classification. So, option A is the correct answer. 

Phylogeny refers to

  1. Natural classification

  2. Evolutionary classification

  3. Evolutionary history

  4. Origin of algae


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The term phylogeny deals with the study of the evolutionary history of an organism. The classification which is based on the evolutionary relationship of organisms is referred to as phylogenetic classification. The evolutionary changes, lineage and history are taken into account during the classification.  

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

The term taxon refers to

  1. Name of a species

  2. Name of genus

  3. Name of family

  4. A taxonomic group of any rank


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Taxon represents taxonomic group of any rank. Each plant belongs to a hierarchy of taxa which are assigned taxonomic ranks. For example, different taxa for onion are Allium cepa (species rank), Allium (genus rank), liliaceae (family rank), thus Allium cepa, Allium, liliaceae are different taxa to which onion belongs. 

Name of a species refers to group of potentially interbreeding, morphologically similar individuals. A genus is a taxonomic rank that constitutes single species of monophyletic group of species that share a sum total of characters, though they cannot interbreed. A group of closely related genera, that share some common morphological features but are reproductively incompatible, constitutes a family. Thus, names of species, genus and family represent taxa of a particular hierarchy which makes them wrong answer as a taxon can belong to any of taxonomic ranks. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

In which classification phylogeny is not considered.

  1. Artificial classification

  2. Practical classification

  3. Natural classification

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: A

"Species Plantarum" and "Systema Naturae" were written by

  1. Engler and Prantl

  2. Bentham and Hooker

  3. Carolus Linnaeus

  4. Wallace


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Linnaeus is considered as the father of taxonomy and was first to use the binomial nomenclature for organisms. He proposed natural system of classification for living organism and divide them into plant and animal kingdom; his system was first described in Systema Naturae in which he described all known species of plant and animal. Linnaeus described plant genera known to him in Genera Plantarum. He described all plant species known to him in his book Species Plantarum in which he gave a generic name to each species. 

Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

Practical significance of taxonomy is

  1. Identification of organisms

  2. To understand diversity

  3. To understand evolution

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Taxonomy is the branch of science that deals with principles, rules and procedure of classification of organisms based on their similarities and dissimilarities. Since identification and nomenclature are the prerequisites for classification, the first step in taxonomy is identification followed by nomenclature and then classification. 

So, the correct answer is option D.

Taxonomists feel difficulty in classification of 

  1. Prokaryotes

  2. Unicellular eukaryotes

  3. Plants

  4. Animals


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Diverse nutritional habits ranging from autotrophic to obligate intracellular parasite; thus they can be autotrophs like plants, heterotrophs like animals and decomposers/saprotrophs like algae. They are classified on the basis of phylogenetic relationship based on rRNA sequences. Option B is correct. Prokaryotes are characterized by absence of true membrane bound nucleus and intracellular membranous structures; these characters differentiate them from eukaryotic organisms. Option A is incorrect. Plants are eukaryotic organisms with characteristic cell wall and autotrophic mode of nutrition. Option C is incorrect. Animals differ from plants by absence of cell wall and heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Option D is incorrect. Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

First phylogenetic system of plant classification was given by

  1. Engler and Prantl

  2. Eichler

  3. Oswald Tippo

  4. Bentham and Hooker


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Eichler classified the plant kingdom into two sub-kingdoms namely Cryptogamae (absence of flowers and seeds and reproduces by spores) and Phanerogamae (presence of flowers and seeds) in the year 1833. He accepted the concept of evolution and considered the simple characters with respect to related plants. 

Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The system of classification proposed by Bentham and Hooker is a

  1. Artificial

  2. Natural

  3. Phylogenetic

  4. Numerical


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Natural system of classification was proposed to classify the organism on the basis of similarities which can be easily observed. The classification takes into consideration the number of similar and different characters. The natural system of classification was introduced by Bentham and Hooker for the plants which have seeds. This was explained in the book Genera Plantarum which was published in three volumes and based on the work of these scientists.

Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

Phylogenetic system of angioperm classification was given by ___________.

  1. Hallier

  2. Hutchinson

  3. Takhtajan

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Hallier, Hutchinson, Takhtajan, Engler, and Prantl is proposed with the phylogenetic system of classification.

Such a system includes the classification of organisms on the basis of descent from a common ancestor. Also, it is based on evolutionary ancestry.

So, the correct option is ' All of the above' i.e. D.

The evolutionary history of a group of organism is termed as

  1. Taxonomy

  2. Systematics

  3. Phylogeny

  4. Hierarchy


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

  • The process of developing an evolutionary history of organisms is called phylogeny. The unit of data used here is the character or trait. 
  • Systematics deals with the evolutionary relationships between the organisms
  • Taxonomy deals with classifying and naming organisms.
  • Hierarchy is an arrangement of sequence in an increasing or decreasing order.
So the correct option is Phylogeny.

Who developed the concept of phylogeny?

  1. Linnaeus

  2. Lamarck

  3. Ernst Haeckel

  4. Hippocrates


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Phylogeny is the study of the organisms with respect to its evolution and the relationship with other organisms. The concept of phylogeny has been discovered by Ernst Haeckel. The term phylogeny deals with the study of the evolutionary history of an organism. The classification which is based on the evolutionary relationship of organisms is referred to as phylogenetic classification. The evolutionary changes, lineage and history are taken into account during the classification.  

Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

Who among the following is called the 'Father of Taxonomy'?

  1. Mendel

  2. Linnaeus

  3. Khorana

  4. Engler


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
  • Gregor Johann Mendel is considered as the Father of Genetics
  • Linnaeus is considered as the Father of Taxonomy by his great contributions in this field
  • One of the prime systems o plant taxonomy was devised by Adolf Engler
  • Har Gobind Khorana is well known for first to demonstrate the role of nucleotides in protein synthesis
  • So the correct option is Linnaeus

System Naturae was written by 

  1. Linnaeus

  2. Charles Darwin

  3. Aristotle

  4. Wallace


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  • System Naturae, is the book that contains various species of animals, was written by Swedish Naturalist, Linnaeus, who is known as Father of taxonomy
  • Charles Darwin was an English Naturalist who wrote the book 'On the origin of species' and famously known as Father of evolution
  • Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and popularly known as Father of Zoology
  • Alfred Russell Wallace was a British Naturalist who wrote the book ' The Malay Archipelago' and famed in developing the theory of Natural selection
  • So the correct option is 'Linnaeus'.

A person who studies the origin, evolution and variations in plants and also about the classification is referred to as 

  1. Taxonomist

  2. Zoologist

  3. Agriculturist

  4. Botanist


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  • A person who studies the origin, evolution and variations in plants and also about the classification is referred as a taxonomist
  • A person who studies about the characteristics, habits and habitats of animals is referred to be as a zoologist
  • A person who studies about cultivation of crops, and their techniques is referred as an agriculturist
  • A person who studies in detail about plants is called as botanist
  • So, the correct option is 'Taxonomist'.

Natural system of plant classification was given by

  1. Aristotle

  2. Linnaeus

  3. Bentham and Hooker

  4. Robert Hooke


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Natural system of classification was proposed by Bentham and Hooker. The classification is based on a number of similar and different characters that are visible. This system of classification was introduced for seed bearing plants. It was explained in the book Genera Plantarum published in three volumes based on the work of Bentham and Hooker.
Thus the correct answer is option C. 

Phanerogamae include _______ and ______.

  1. Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes

  2. Bryophytes and algae

  3. Bryophytes and angiosperms

  4. Angiosperms and gymnosperms


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Phanerogamae are the sub-kingdom of kingdom Plantae. They include seed bearing and flowering plants. They are further grouped into angiosperms and gymnosperms 

Animals cannot be classified using phylogenetic clues by taxonomists based on

  1. Body symmetry 

  2. Motility

  3. Pattern of embryonic development

  4. Complexity of tissue organization

  5. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Phylogenetic classification mainly depends on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. The evolutionary relationship defined by the phylogenetic depends on the body symmetry, the pattern of embryonic development, the complexity of tissue organisation. Motility is a basic characteristic which is not prominent for a particular class rather it is common to all. It do not change with evolution.

So, the correct answer is option B.

Natural system of classification is based on

  1. Morphology

  2. Phylogeny

  3. Morphology and Affinities

  4. Ontogeny


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

  • Michael Adanson was the first scientist to reject all the artificial systems and support the natural systems of classification.
  • Natural system of classification is that in which all natural characteristics of plants both vegetative and reproductive characters are taken into consideration. It is purely natural as the knowledge of phyllogenicity was not detected 
  • Natural system of classification is a biological classification based upon morphological and anatomical relationships and affinities 
So the correct is 'Morphology and affinities'

Founder of taxonomy is

  1. Aristotle

  2. John Ray

  3. Haeckel

  4. Linnaeus


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Taxonomy is the study of science concerned with classification according to their natural relationships. Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy as he developed a system for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. But Taxonomy's first father was the philosopher Aristotle, he first introduced the two key concepts of taxonomy: classification of organisms by type and binomial definition. Therefore founder of taxonomy is Aristotle. Hence option A is correct.

Branch connected with nomenclature, identification and classification is

  1. Ecology

  2. Taxonomy

  3. Morphology

  4. Physiology


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Taxonomy is a branch of biological science involved with classifying organisms based on characteristics they share in common. Using morphological, behavioural, genetic and biochemical observations, taxonomists identify, describe and arrange species into a hierarchical system of groups.

Match items in Column I with those in Column II

Column I                                              Column II
(A) Peritrichous flagellation                 (J) Ginkgo
(B) Living fossil                                  (k) Macrocystes
(C) Rhizophore                                 (L) Escherichia col!
(D) Smallest flowering plant             (M) Se/ag!nella
(E) Largest perennial alga                  (N) Wolffia
Select the correct answer from the following.

  1. A - L; B - J; C - M; D - N; E - K

  2. A - K; B - J; C - L; D - M; E - N

  3. A - N; B - L; C - K; D - N; E - J

  4. A - J; B - K; C - N; D - L; E - K


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Peritrichous flagellation means containing flagella projecting in all directions.

Gingko is a living fossil. Newly found specimens that grew more than a hundred million years ago. It is remarkably similar to present-day plants.

Selaginella possesses a rhizophore which is a prop like structure that originates at a point of branching.

The flower of Wolffia is famous as the smallest flower in the world. It has one stamen and one pistil.

Macrocystis, kelp is the largest of all algae. The stage of the life cycle commonly can be seen, is the sporophyte, which is perennial and individuals persist for many years.

Therefore the correct option is A

Hence option A is correct.

The measuring scale of taxonomy is

  1. OTU

  2. Carbon dating

  3. Karyotyping

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

  • Taxonomy can be analyzed on a measuring scale based on OTU (Operational taxonomic unit), Carbon dating and Karyotyping.
  • An operational taxonomic unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals.
  • Carbon dating is used to determine age of age old fossils.
  • Karyotyping is arranging and pairing of different chromosomes of an organism. They can be compared to study inter-relationship and evolutionary connection between organisms in a taxon. 
So, the correct option is 'All of the above'.

A plant which lives for a few days is called

  1. Annual

  2. Perennial

  3. Biennial

  4. Ephemeral


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

A plant which lives for a few days is called ephemral because of a very short growing season.  Such plant are found near desert or in very cold  countries e.g., Arabidopsis species  have life span of  20-28 days . 

From which year, the current system of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature was adopted?

  1. 1878

  2. 1978

  3. 1968

  4. 1976


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

  • The International code of botanical nomenclature (ICBN) is the organization that is responsible for rules and recommendations which are proposed whenever organisms are named. 
  • There were different codes that were put forward in the years of 1800 and 1900s. 
  • The final revised code for ICBN was revised and accepted in the year 1978. 
Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

An important blue colour absorbing pigment in plant is 

  1. Phytochrome

  2. Cytochrome

  3. Phycocyanin and xanthophyll

  4. Allophycocyanin


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

It absorbs only blue and yellow green light and becomes inactive for the photomorphogenesis, photoperiodism etc.

Largest inflorescence is found in _____________.

  1. Acalypha

  2. Populus

  3. Amorphophallus

  4. Cabbage


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Amorphophallus (or simple spadix inflorescence) is the largest inflorescence with 5.5 m length. Amorphophallus inflorescences variety in size from small, to the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world. This is the Amorphophallus titanium. It is found in the jungles of Sumatra. Whereas the remaining three are not in this category of the inflorescence.

The correct option is C.

Which is odd one

  1. China rose

  2. Maize

  3. Mango

  4. Sunflower


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Maize is a monocotyledonous plant where as China  rose, Mango and sunflower are dicotyledonous plants. 

The term taxonomy was coined by

  1. Linnaeus

  2. De Candolle

  3. Lamarck

  4. Aristotle


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
AP De Candolle was a Swiss Botanist who coined the term "Taxonomy". He also proposed a natural method to classify plants and also was one of the first people to distinguish between the morphological and physiological characteristics of organs in plants.
So, the correct answer is, 'De Candolle'.

Number of animals studied by Aristotle was

  1. 1000

  2. 500

  3. 250

  4. 100


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist who gave the original classification upon his study of 500 animals based on environment, movement and structural similarities. He has been considered the father of Zoology, Biology, and Embryology. 

So, the correct option is '500'.

Identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms are dealt in

  1. Taxonomy

  2. Exobiology

  3. Ecology

  4. Embryology


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Taxonomy refers to a biological classification in which the organisms are arranged in distinct groups based on their common characteristics. It mainly includes the process of identifying and classifying living organisms and give names to them

So, the correct answer is 'Taxonomy'

Taxonomy is connected with 

  1. Collection of plants and animals

  2. Classification of oragnisms

  3. Identification, nomenculture and classification of organisms

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Classification of living organisms into different groups based on their characteristics is termed as taxonomy. Three main objectives of taxonomy are Identification, Nomenclature and Classification. It was brought in use by Carolus Linnaeus.
So, the correct option is(C) 'Identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms'.

The term taxonomy was coined by

  1. De Candolle

  2. Theophrastus

  3. Pliny

  4. Linnaeus


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The term taxonomy was coined by De Candolle. It is defined as the classification of living organisms into different groups based on their nomenclature. Three main objectives of taxonomy are Identification, Nomenclature and Classification.

So, the correct option is 'De Candolle'.

Branch connected with nomenclature, identification and classification is 

  1. Ecology

  2. Taxonomy

  3. Morphology

  4. Physiology


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
Taxonomy is the classification of living organisms into different taxa based on their characteristics. The three main objectives of Taxonomy are Identification, Nomenclature, and Classification. Biological taxonomy was started by Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus.
So, the correct option is 'Taxonomy'.

Principles and rules of classification are studied under 

  1. Systematics

  2. Natural classifications

  3. Nomenclature

  4. Taxonomy


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that involves the study of principles and procedures of classification into groups based on similarities of structure, origin, etc. Three main objectives of Taxonomy are Identification, Nomenclature, and Classification.

So, the correct option is 'Taxonomy'.

Taxon is the unit of 

  1. Species

  2. Genus

  3. Order

  4. Taxonomy


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Taxon is the unit of taxonomy. It is any level of grouping organisms. It is all the categories in the hierarchical classification. Genus, order, family, species are all taxon.

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Phylogenetic system of angiosperm classification was given by

  1. Hallier

  2. Hutchinson

  3. Takhtajan

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
  • Hallier, Hutchinson, Takhtajan, Engler, and Prantl proposed the phylogenetic system of classification. 
  • This system includes classifying organisms on the basis of descent from a common ancestor. It is based on evolutionary ancestry. 
So, the correct option is ' All of the above'.

Dolphin was placed amongst mammals by

  1. Hippocrates

  2. Empedocles

  3. Thales

  4. Aristotle


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Dolphin has been correctly placed in mammals by Aristotle due to the presence of typical mammalian features :

1. Mammary glands (in females) that produce mammalian milk to feed their young ones.
2. They do not lay eggs but give birth to their young ones.
3. They are warm-blooded animals.
4. Lungs are present.
5. Their RBCs are biconcave and enucleated.

So, the correct option is 'Aristotle'.

A group of plants or animals with similar traits of any rank is 

  1. Species

  2. Genus

  3. Order

  4. Taxon


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Each unit or category of classification is termed as a taxon. It represents a rank. All the organism belonging to a similar taxon share similar traits. For example, the basic level of classification is species, followed by genus, family, order, class, phylum or division, in ascending order.

So, the correct option is 'Taxon'.

Sexual reproduction of flowering plants was discovered by.

  1. Camerarius

  2. Nawaschin

  3. Strasburger

  4. Maheshwari


Correct Option: A

In flowering plants archesporium gives rise to.

  1. Wall of sporangium

  2. Both wall and sporogenous cells

  3. Wall and tapetum

  4. Tapetum and sporogenous cells


Correct Option: B

A mutant strain of Neurospora which fails to grow on a minimal medium unless supplemented with a nutrient is called

  1. Auxotroph

  2. Autotroph

  3. Heterotroph

  4. Prototroph


Correct Option: A

In evolutionary history, in which one of the following periods did the flowering plants make their first appearance?

  1. Certaceous of Mesozoic era

  2. Pleocene of cenopzic era

  3. Devonian of Paleozoic

  4. Permian of Paleozoic era


Correct Option: A

Salicornia is an example of ____________.

  1. Epiphyte

  2. Halophyte

  3. Mesophyte

  4. Parasite


Correct Option: A

Match List-I(Plant by-products) with List-II(Examples of compounds) and select the correct answer.

List-I List-II
a. Alkaloid $1$. Anthocyanin
b. Flavonoid $2$. Natural rubber
c. Terpenoid $3$. Folic acid
d. Vitamin $4$. Ephedrin
  1. A-$4$, B-$1$, C-$2$, D-$3$

  2. A-$3$, B-$2$, C-$1$, D-$4$

  3. A-$4$, B-$2$, C-$1$, D-$3$

  4. A-$3$, B-$1$, C-$2$, D-$4$


Correct Option: A

Neither flowers nor branches arranged in acropetal manner in

  1. Mangierai

  2. Oryza ( Poaceae)

  3. Coriandrum

  4. Amarphophallus


Correct Option: A

Consider the following statements.
a. In climacteric fruits, ethylene stimulates its own production.
b. Gibberellin present in a healthy stem causes some of the new cells to differentiate as phloem.
c. Loss of turgor in leaves stimulates the production of abscises acid.
Which of the statements given are correct?

  1. $1$ and $2$ only

  2. $2$ and $3$ only

  3. $1$ and $3$ only

  4. $1, 2$ and $3$


Correct Option: A

Which one of the following systems of plant classification is not phylogenetic?

  1. Bentham and Hooker's system

  2. Engler and Prantl's system

  3. Hutchinson's system

  4. Takhtajan's system


Correct Option: A

Which one of the following clusters of families is identified due to the presence of the zygomorphic flowers and bicarpellary gynoecium's?

  1. Cuscutaceae, solanaceae, Verbenaceae

  2. Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, Cucurbitaceae

  3. Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solariaceae

  4. Acanthaceae, Fumariaceae, Lamiaceae


Correct Option: D

The system of classification of plants proposed by these two botanists is claimed to be a natural system.

  1. Engler and Prantl

  2. Bentham and Hooker

  3. Aristotle and Theophrastus

  4. Darwin and Wallace


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker are the British botanists. They proposed the classification system based on the natural system. This system includes the characters of the plants which exist in the natural conditions. The plants are classified based on their relative affinities.

Thus, the correct answer is option B.

In some flowering plants, the requirement of long day length or low temperature treatment for flowering can be effectively substituted by _______________.

  1. Morphactins

  2. Coumarins

  3. $2, 4$-D

  4. Gibberllins


Correct Option: A

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer.

List-I List-II
a. Aborescent lycopod $1$. Rafflesia
b. Largest flower $2$. Lepidodendron
c. Largest ovule $3$. Cycas
d. Tallest tree $4$. Sequoia
  1. A-$1$, B-$2$, C-$4$, D-$3$

  2. A-$1$, B-$2$, C-$3$, D-$4$

  3. A-$2$, B-$1$, C-$4$, D-$3$

  4. A-$2$, B-$1$, C-$3$, D-$4$


Correct Option: A

Select an incorrect match.

  1. Whorled phyllotaxy - Alstonia, Nerium

  2. Decussate phyllotaxy - Quisqualis, Psidium, Syzygium

  3. Alternate phyllotaxy - Mustard, China rose, Sunflower

  4. Opposite phyllotaxy - Zinnia, Calotropis


Correct Option: A

Gynobasic style is the characteristic feature of the family Labiates but it is also found in several members of.

  1. Nymphaeaccae

  2. Apocynasceae

  3. Boraginaceae

  4. Liliaceae


Correct Option: A

Gynobasic style is characteristic feature of the family ____________.

  1. Rosaceae

  2. Orchidaceae

  3. Labiatae

  4. Cucurbitaceae


Correct Option: A

In Lathyrus odoratus, if double heterozygous purple-flowered plants are crossed then what would be the probability of double homozygous white-flowered plants?

  1. $\cfrac{4}{16}$

  2. $\cfrac{3}{16}$

  3. $\cfrac{2}{16}$

  4. $\cfrac{1}{16}$


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
According to the dihybrid, if the double heterozygous plants are crossed then the gametes formed will be- AB, ab, Ab, aB. The genotype of the double homozygous white flowering plant will be aabb because white is the recessive gene. The probability will be 1/16 according to the dihybrid cross ratio.

   Ab  AB  aB ab
 Ab  AAbb  AABb  AaBb  Aabb
 AB  AABb  AABB  AaBB  AaBb
 aB  aABb  AaBB  aaBB  aaBb
 ab  aAbb  aABb  aaBb  aabb

So, the correct option is '1/16'




Morphine is extracted from the latex of plant?

  1. Erythroxylum coca

  2. Cannabis sativa

  3. Papaver somniferum

  4. Atrope balladona


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

An analgesic and narcotic drug obtained from opium and used medicinally to relieve pain. It is obtained from the latex of dried seed pods of Papaver somniferum belongs to the family Papaveraceae.

So, the correct option is ‘Papaver somniferum’

Phylogenetic system of classification is based on:
 

  1. Floral characters

  2. Evolutionary relationships

  3. Morphological features

  4. Chemical constituents


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

A classification that is based on biochemical properties are termed as chemotaxonomy.

And the classification based on quantitative assessment of similarities and differences between the organisms are known as phenetic classification.

Classification based on cytological characteristics of organisms is known as cytotaxonomy. Also, phylogenetic classification is based on the evolutionary ancestry.

So the correct option is B. 

________ systems of classification were based on natural affinities among the organisms.

  1. Artificial

  2. Natural

  3. Phylogenetic

  4. Sexual


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Natural system of classification takes into consideration comparable study of number of characters so as to bring out natural similarities and dissimilarities and hence natural relationships among the organisms. They include morphological characters, anatomical characters, cytological characters, physiology, ontogeny or development, reproduction, cytochemistry and biochemistry, experimental taxonomy, etc. So, the correct answer is 'Natural'.

Phylogenetic system of classification is proposed by

  1. John Hutchinson

  2. Carolus Linnaeus

  3. George Bentham

  4. Engler and Prantl


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

  • Initially, the Phylogenetic system was proposed by Engler and Prantl. In their treatise 'Die Naturlichen Pflanzen Familien', they arranged the flowering plants according to the increasing complexity of their floral morphology. 
  • John Hutchinson was a British botanist associated with Royal botanic gardens, Kew, England.  His phylogenetic system first appeared as  "The Families of Flowering plants " in two volumes. 
  • Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist who formalized binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as  The Father of Taxonomy. 
  • George Bentham was an English botanist whose classification of seed plants (Spermatophyta), based on an exhaustive study of all known species, served as a foundation for modern systems of vascular plant taxonomy.
So the correct option is 'Engler and Prantl'.

In flowering plants, meiosis takes place during?

  1. Pollen grain formation

  2. Seed formation

  3. Gamete formation

  4. Seed germination


Correct Option: C

Taxon is a unit of :

  1. Species

  2. Order

  3. Genus

  4. Taxonomy


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Taxanomy is a scince of classifying living things according to their similarities and diferences.

Taxon is a group of one or more populations of an organism seen by taxonomists from a unit.

The modern classification of organisms is based on which of the following aspects?

  1. Physiology

  2. Fossils

  3. Phylogeny

  4. Morphology


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
  • Modern taxonomy is based on the hypotheses' of the evolutionary history of organisms, known as Phylogeny. As with the scientific method, scientists develop a hypothesis on the history of an animal and utilize modern science and technology to prove phylogeny.
  • With the advent of such fields of study as phylogenetics, cladistics, and systematics, the Linnaean system has progressed to a system of modern biological classification based on evolutionary relationships between organisms, both living and extinct.
  • So the correct option is 'phylogeny'.

A cladogram conveys information about ancestors and descendants of an organism

  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
Cladogram is a diagrammatic representation of the hypothetical relationships between various animals in a phylogeny.  It helps to derive information regarding the common ancestors and descendants of an organism.
So, the correct answer is, 'True'.

State whether the following statement is true or false:
Plants have no sense organs.

  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Plants exhibit sensitivity and irritation but sensor organs are absent.

So, the statement is ‘True’.

The term taxonomy is introduced by

  1. De Candolle

  2. Benthum and Hooker

  3. Linnaeus

  4. Huxley


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Ther term taxonomy is introduced by Carl Linnaeus. He is called as the father of taxonomy. He developed taxonomic hierarchy. It is also called as Linnaeus hierarchy. In it, domain is the highest rank followed by kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Species is the lowest rank in the hierarchy. 

Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual  characteristics; this is not acceptable because often ____ characters are more easily affected by environment. 

  1. vegetative

  2. sexual

  3. anatomical

  4. physiological


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Artificial systems of classification were based upon vegetative and sexual characteristics, where both vegetative and sexual characteristics were given equal weightage. It was not acceptable because vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment.

______ classification systems were based on evolutionary relationships between various organisms. 

  1. Natural

  2. Artificial

  3. Phylogenetic

  4. Both (a) and (b)


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Classification based on evolutionary relationships of organisms is called phylogenetic system of classification.

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