Simone de Beauvoir was born in Paris, France, in 1908. She was a French writer, intellectual, philosopher, political activist, and feminist. She had a significant influence on feminist theory. She laid the foundation for the modern feminist movement. Beauvoir’s most famous work was the "The Second Sex" from 1949, a highly influential book which laid the foundation for the wave of feminism.

Tarabai Shinde wrote about the male-dominated social system and the caste system. Her book Stripurush Tulana, published in1882 is acknowledged as the first feminist book in India.

Statement (i) is incorrect as the book written by Justice Mahadev Govind  Ranade is The Rise of the Maratha Power. A history of Mahrattas was written by Grant Duff. Statement (ii) is correct. Hence the answer is (b).

The five volumes of Cambridge History of India, published during 1923-1937 C.E. are distinct examples of colonial historiography

The History of British India written by James Mill was published in 1817. It was the first book written by a Britsih Historian on Indian Indian. It clearly reflects the absence of an objective perspective and prejudice about various aspects of Indian culture. The book was written in three volumes. Thus, the correct answer is (a).

In the early modern period the term historiography meant " the writing of history", and historiographer meant "historian".

Grant duff wrote the book  A History of the Mahrattas. It was written in 3 volumes.

Rajtarangini, a book on the history of Kashmir, was written in 12th century by Kalhana. He himself has said that he has written this book by critically examining various sources like inscriptions, coins, remains of ancient monuments, dynastic records, and local traditions.

Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire wrote his autobiography which was titled Tuzuk-i-Babari. It contains the descriptions of the battles fought by him. Babur has also recorded his minute observations of all the regions and cities visited by him which include the local economy, customs, and traditions.

The above statements refer to Ziauddin Barani. He was a medieval period historian. 

Friedrich Max Muller translated the Sanskrit text Hitopadesh in the German language. In his opinion, Sanskrit was the most ancient of the Indo-European languages. He was deeply interested in Sanskrit literature.

Sabhasad Bakhar was written by Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad during the reign of Chatrapati Rajaram Maharaj. It is an important bakhar to get information about the rule of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

"Holkarachi Kaiphiyat" provides information about the Holkars and their contribution to the Maratha rule.

Akbarnana, the biography of Akbar was written by Abul Fazl. Abul Fazl's Akbarnama is very important from the viewpoint of critical historiography. His method of collecting authentic historical documents and their scrutiny is looked upon as devoid of bias and hence realistic.

Alexander Cunningham was the first Director-General of the Archeological Survey of India. 

The system of apartheid --literally, "apartness" -enforced the separation of South Africa's whites from the blacks, Asians, and people of mixed race. This discriminatory system was carried out through political, economic, and social institutions and continued through the early 1990s.

The English East India Company used to buy tea and silk from China for sale in England. For buying tea and silk they used to trade opium.

BCE  usually refers to Before Common Era. The simplest reason for using BCE/CE (Common Era) as opposed to AD/BC is to avoid reference to Christianity and in particular to avoid naming Christ as lord. 

Sometimes CE is used instead of AD and BCE stands for BC. The letter CE stands for 'Common Era' and BCE stands for 'Before Common Era'. We use these terms because the Christian Era is now used in most of the countries of the World. 

The dictatorship of the proteraiant as the only solution for all feudal problem was advocated by Karl Marx.

Jai Hind is a saluation , slogan and battel cry most commonly used in India in speeches and communication pertaining to or referring to patriotisim towards India(also known as Hind) . It translates roughly to "Hail India " or " Victory to India" or " Long live India" . 

Bangladesh came into existence in 1947 during the partition of India and it became independent in 1971. Burma became independent in 1948. South Rhodesia became independent in 1950 and today it is Zimbabwe. Vietnam came into existence in 1945 but it became a unified independent country in 1976. 

Herodotus was known as the father of history because he was the first historian known to collect all the sources and materials systematically, also tested their accuracy to give a proper explanation.

On 29 November 1947 , the united nations general assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the partition plan of mandatory palestine. On 14 may 1948 , David Ben-Gurion , the executive head of the world zionist organization and president of the Jewish Agency of the palestine , declared the established of a jewish state in Ererz Isrel to be known as the state of israel. a state independent upon the termination of the british mandate for palestine 15 may 1948.

Called the "Proclamation Durbar", the Durbar of 1877 was held beginning on 1 January 1877 to designate the coronation and proclain Queen Victoria as Empress of India. The 1877 durbar was largely an official event and not a popular occasions with mass appeal like 1903 and  1911. it was attended by the 1st Earl of Lytton-viceroy of India. Mharajas, nawabs and intellectuals. This was the culmination of transfer of control of much of India from the British East India company to the Crown.

Long Walk to freedom is an autobiographical work written by South African President Nelson Mandela,and published in 1994 by Little Brown &Co.The book profiles his early life ,coming of age,education and 27 years in prison.

Guiseppe Garibaldi with armed volunteers acquired the southern kingdom of Italy and kingdom of two sicilies and succeeded to drive out the Spanish rulers.

A river joined by its tributaries, at approximately right angles, develops a trellis pattern. A trellis drainage pattern develops where hard and soft rocks exist parallel to each other. The dendritic pattern develops where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain. 

'Das Capital' was written by,Karl Marx. It is basically a critical analysis of 
political economy, meant to reveal the economic laws of the capitalist mode of production.

The principles of nonalignment, as articulated by Nehru are  refusal to align India with any bloc or alliance, India's particularly those led by the United State or the Soviet Union; nonviolence and international cooperation as a means of settling international disputes are the main features of non allignment movement.

Coins, inscriptions and architecture help to know about the economic history as they present the economic activities of a state.

The local zamindar and village headmen mobilized the indigo peasants and fought pitched battles with the lathiyas.

Some of the famous Mughal buildings were built in this period like Taj Mahal, Redfort, Jama Masjid (Delhi) etc.

The Veda Samaj was an extremely important social reform in th southern India. The Samaj was established in Madras in the year 1864 mainly with the efforts of the sridharalu Nady and Keshab chandra Sen. the main Philosophies of Veda Samaj were very similar to that of Brahmo Samaj, at least in their theistic principals. 
Prathana Samaj, or "Prayer Society" in Sanskrit, was a movement for religious and social reforms in bombay based on earlier reforms movements. Prarthana Samaj is founded by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang in 1867 with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God. The main reformers were the intellectuals who advocate reforms of the social system of the Hindus.
Arya Samaj is a Hindu reform movement founded by Swami Dayanand on 7 April 1875. He was a sanyasi who believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas.
SNDP Yogam formed on 1903 by the efforts of a group of people who worked hard for the upliftment of the socially backward classes.

The alwar or azhears were Tamil poet-saints of south India who lived between the sixth and ninth centuries A.D. and espoused 'emotional devotion' or bhakti to Lord Vishnu. The Nayanars were Shaivite devotional poets of Tamil Nadu, active between the fifth and the tenth centuries. Sufism is a common term given to Islamic mysticism - the belief that one can become united with God through prayer and meditation and by living a simple and strict life. They were inspired by teachings of Quran.
The Virashaivas are a bhakti, or devotional, movement in the southern Indian state of Karnatake that was founded in the 12th century by their leader, Basavanna.

Periyar was a social activist and radical advocate of anti-Brahmanism. He started self respect movement or the Dravidian movement.

Education changed the thinking process. Malpractices like sati, casteism, no education for women were brought an end to a large extend.

The influence of the rebel was confined to North India. Moreover, it was a revolt that saw unity among various sects of the Indian society.

Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India. He was one of the architects of the Indian Republic, having served as the President of the Constituent Assembly. Prasad is the only President to have been elected twice for the office.
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was an Indian philosopher and statesman who was the first Vice President of India (1952-1962) and the second President of India from 1962 to 1967. Dr Zakir Hussain was the third President of India from May 13, 1967 until his death.
Varahagiri Venkata Giri commonly known as V.V.Giri, was the fourth President of the Republic of India from 24 August 1969 to 23 August 1974. He served as Acting President of India from 3 May 1969 to 20 July 1969, before getting elected.

Amongst all this is the most appropriate option. Moreover, the women in Indian society did not enjoy rights & liberties as men did.

The Cabinet Mission arrived on 24th Mar, 1946 in Indian & published its plan on May 16, 1946. This mission consisted of Lord Pethick Lawrence Sir Stafford Cripps and A. V. Alexander.

Indian Association founded by Dwarkanath Tagore and his illustration cousin Prasanno Kumar Tagore in 1831.
From its foundation on 28 December 1885 until the time of independence of India on 15 August 1947, the Indian National Congress was the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and have defining influence on the Indian Independence Movement. All- India Muslim league, founded in 1906 under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. RSS was founded in 1925 by Dr. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar.

A 'republic' is a state in which the head of the state is directly or indirectly or appointed by the people. Currently, 135 of the word's 206 sovereign states use the world republic as the part of their official names.

On 3 October, 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentry, from which he never recovered. He is beleived to have died on or about 17 October, 1605.

In 1612, James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas. 

Akbar spent his youth learnings to hunt, run and fight made him a daring, powerful and brave warrior, but he never learned to read and write.

The paragraph talk about the spread of religion (Buddhism) vis-a-vis the geography of that place country. Option (b) summarizes the paragraph effectively.

Habeas corpus is a recourse in low whereby a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court, usually through a prison official.

Option (b) states that one should do one's duty without giving any consideration to the consequences (happiness of misery ). Thus , option (b) is incompatible with the belief of Utilitarians.

The first large-scale Asian-African or Afro-Asian  Conference -also known as the Bandung  Conference was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on  April 18-24, 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia. The Conference was an important step towards the Non-Aligned Movement.    

John Mahoney (77), an English-American actor of stage, film and television, has passed away in Chicago, United States on February 4, 2018. He was best known for playing the blue-collar patriarch Martin Crane in the American sitcom Frasier, which aired on NBC from 1993 to 2004. In addition to his film and television work, Mahoney also worked as a voice actor and was particularly passionate about his stage work on Broadway and in Chicago theatre. He was born in UK but he got US citizenship in 1959.

Decisive Storm, is the international war against Houthi militias in Yemen. The International alliance led by Saudi Arabia fought against the Houthi militants in Yemen. 

Matthew Pinesent is well known for being one of the most successful rowers of all the time. He won 10 World Championship Gold medals and four consecutive Olympic Gold medals for Britain. He is one of only 5 athletes to win 4 consecutive Gold Medals.

History is all about to study the things happened in past.  Historians use timelines to put the events into the chronological order. Chronology is important because the exact order in which the events occur help us to understand the cause and effect of those events. Timelines explain the full picture of particular era from beginning to end. 

BCE stands for Before Common Era. All dates before the birth of Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity. All dates before the birth of Christ are counted backwards and usually refers BC.

A person, thing or idea that exists out of its time in history especially one that happened or existed later than the period being shown and discussed known as Anachronism. Absolutism refers to a political system in which a single ruler, group or political party enjoy complete power. Totalitarianism refers to a political system in which those in power have complete control and people are not allowed to have freedom to oppose the power.

Gunpowder plot was the conspiracy of English Roman Catholics to blow up Parliament and King James I, his queen and his eldest son on November 5, 1605. The leader of the plot, Robert Kastesby, together with his four co conspirators- Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright, and Guy Fawkes were zealous Roman Catholics angered by James's refusal to grant more religious toleration to Catholics.

'Guy Fawkes' action was took place in England in 1605. 'Guy Fawkes' action or the Gunpowder Plot was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England. Guy Fawkes who is also known as Guido Fawkes was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics. 

Gunpowder plot was the conspiracy of English Roman Catholics to blow up Parliament and King James I, his queen and his eldest son on November 5, 1605. The leader of the plot, Robert Kastesby, together with his four coconspirators- Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright, and Guy Fawkes were zealous Roman Catholics angered by James's refusal to grant more religious toleration to Catholics.

Notting Hill Carnival is the biggest street festival in Europe. This celebration happens every August bank holiday weekend. This carnival takes place on the streets of London usually around Notting Hill, Ladbroke Grove, Westbourne Grove, Westbourne Park and Kensal road. It was first held in 1966 to celebrate Caribbean culture and traditions in London. 

Bauxite: Non-ferrous mineral because it does not have iron content.
Nickel: Ferrous mineral because it contains iron content.
Mica: Non-metallic mineral because it does not contain any metal.

Gunpowder plot was the conspiracy of English Roman Catholics to blow up Parliament and King James I, his queen and his eldest son on November 5, 1605. The leader of the plot, Robert Kastesby, together with his four co conspirators- Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright, and Guy Fawkes were zealous Roman Catholics angered by James's refusal to grant more religious toleration to Catholics. Guido Fawkes wanted to overthrow the government and return England to Roman Catholicism.

In 1784, William Jones founded the Asiatic Society in Kolkata. It opened the doors for research in ancient Indian literature and history. Hence state (i) is wrong and the answer is (b).

Freidrich Max Muller had translated 'Rigveda' in German. Hence (b) is incorrect.

Satyashodhak Samaj was formed by Jyotibha Phule, Satyartha Prakash was formed by Dayanand Saraswathi . S.ND.T university was established by Dhondho Keshava karve, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was formed by Mahadeva Govind Ranade.

Ho chi Minch Trail formed the backbone of the Vietnamese in their struggle for freedom, unification and during US attack.

Suez.

The past, present and future are linked by a continuous chain of events. Your sense of the present is just reflecting where in the block universe you are at that instance. The past is just a slice of the universe at an earlier location while the future is at a later location. 

History mainly provides us with guidelines about how we should behave in order to shape a good future , history also serves to ispire and to motivate us.By studying history , we get to know about the give and take that took place between our own and other civilizations.We also understand how people's way of life went on changing.It tells of the many scientific discoveries that brought about important changes in human civilization and of the scientists who made those discoveries.

The science that tries to understand past events is called 'history'. The past includes many events that have already taken place. History attempts to find out answers to many questions by studying the way of thinking of past societies , their actions and the consequences. The study of history makes it possible for us to study what is and what is not favourable for the progress of human society.

The period from 1630 CE to 1810 CE is broadly defined as Maratheshahi .The Hindawi Swaraj formed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a State for the people , founded with the noble intention of the welfare of common people , removal of oppression and the protection of Maharashtra Dharma. In the period after Shivaji Maharaj , Maratha power spread to all parts of India.

Subsidiary alliance.

Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Civil Disobedience Movement, launched in 1930, started from Sabarmati ashram. On 12 March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi began walking from his ashram at Sabarmati towards the Dandi (a small seaside hamlet). On 6 April 1930, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law by making 'salt' from sea water.

Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266-1287) was the first Sultan of Delhi to introduce the practice of 'Sijda'. He started Sijda (prostration) and Paibos as the normal form of Salutation of the king. In Sijda people had to Kneel down and touch the ground with their head to greet the Sultan.

Transfer of capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) was one of the most important reasons for the unpopularity of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. He wanted to establish control over the fertile land of the Deccan plateau (present day Maharashtra) and to create a more accessible capital. He thought it would give him safety against Mongol invasions as well. But the decision was taken in haste and made locals uncomfortable.

The concept of using the time when Jesus lived has been universally accepted. It is B.C for referring to time before christ, that is say 1000 years BC means it occurred 1000 years before the birth of christ. Then the era after the demise of Jesus called AD(in Latin when translated, after the death of Christ.)Now we are living in 2020 AD.

" Rig Ved" is considered as the earliest composition of Sanskrit language.

Neighbouring Arabs, Iranians uttered "s" as "h" and called this land Hindu. Greeks pronounced this name as Indus. Sindhu is the name of the Indus River, mentioned in the Rig-Veda, one of the oldest Indo-European texts, composed in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent roughly between 1700-1100 BC.

The Prakrits are any of several Middle Indo-Aryan languages formerly used in India during the ancient times.

Gunpowder plot was the conspiracy of English Roman Catholics to blow up Parliament and King James I, his queen and his eldest son on November 5, 1605. The leader of the plot, Robert Kastesby, together with his four co conspirators- Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, John Wright, and Guy Fawkes were zealous Roman Catholics angered by James's refusal to grant more religious toleration to Catholics.

Vikram era was started in 58 BCE. It is associated with famous Gupta king, Chandragupta II. Chandragupta II founded it as a mark of victory over the Shakas and assumed the title of Vikramaditya.