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Theories of distribution - class-XII

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$M _1$ is also known as transaction money because it can be directly used for making transactions. 

  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

$M _1$ consists of  currency notes and coins that are in circulaation with public as well as the demand deposits with commercial banks. These can be used by the public directly for any transactions. Hence, $M _1$ is also known as 'Transaction Money'.

Demand deposits include __________________.

  1. Saving account deposits and fixed deposits

  2. Saving account deposits and current account deposits

  3. Current account deposits and fixed deposits

  4. All types of deposits


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Demand deposit refers to the deposit wherein the amount which you have deposited with the bank can be withdrawn by you any time. It includes saving account deposit and currency account deposit in which currency account is mainly meant for businessmen, and saving account is meant for general public.

Size of money multiplier is given by the inverse of LRR. 

  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Money multiplier is inversely related to LRR as Money Multiplier $= \dfrac{1}{LRR}$.

M1 includes net demand deposits and not gross demand deposits, as net demand deposits do not include inter-banking claims.

  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

True.

Money supply refers to the total stock of money of all types ( currency as well as demand deposits) held by the people of a country at a given point of time. 

Money supply is measured in several ways among which M1 is a type of measurement that measures the money as a medium of exchange function. 

M1= C+ DD+ OD 

where, 

C: It refers to currency held by public in terms of coins and paper notes.

DD: It refers demand deposits of the people with the commercial bank.

OD: These includes other deposits with public financial institution, foreign central banks and international financial institution. 

Money Supply in India can be increased if 

    1. RBI puts more paper money for circulation
    2. The commercial banks expand their credit operations
    3. The central Govt. gives more grants to the states
    4. The Govt. of

    1. 1, 2 and 3

    2. 2, 3 and 4

    3. 1, 3 and 4

    4. 1, 2 and 4


    Correct Option: D

    Markets which deals with high liquid and short term debt securities are classified as _____________.

    1. capital markets

    2. money markets

    3. liquid markets

    4. short-term markets


    Correct Option: B

    Many banks have adopted/launched a "Core Banking Solution" (CBS). Which of the following is a Core Banking Solution?

    1. A marketing strategy adopted by the banks

    2. A new type of ATM useful for rural population

    3. A delivery channel for quick and fast delivery

    4. A new product launched to help senior citizens only as they are not able to visit branches/ATMs frequently


    Correct Option: C

    A money deposited in a bank that cannot be withdrawn for a preset fixed period of time is known as a ____________________.

    1. term deposit

    2. checking account

    3. savings bank deposit

    4. no frills account


    Correct Option: A

    Which of these is/are not a function of money?

    1. Hedges against inflation.

    2. Unit of measurement.

    3. Medium of exchanges.

    4. Measurement of value.


    Correct Option: A

    Which of these statements is true?

    1. Precautionary demand for money is due to uncertainty of income and expenditure

    2. Uncertainty of future leads to precautionary demand for money

    3. Precautionary demand for money is related to income level

    4. All the three


    Correct Option: D
    Explanation:

    Precautionary motive of money refers to the demand for money to store it for future uncertainties. In other words, if money is demanded so that it can be kept for bad days then the demand of such money is known as precautionary money. In such cases, money functions as the store of value. Precautionary money balance in needed in a company so that it can be used if there is any uncertainty of receipt in the income and expenditure statement which means the company can make use of this money if the expenditure exceeds the income in a particular year. 

     

     

    _________ affects the demand for money.

    1. Real income

    2. Price level

    3. Rate of interest

    4. All the three


    Correct Option: D
    Explanation:

    The following variables affects the demand for money: 

    1. Real income: It refers to the income which is used for consumption of commodities in the market. If it is high, then the demand for money will also be high and if it is low then the demand for money will also be low. 
    2. Price level: If the general price level in the economy for all the commodities are high as in the case of inflation, then demand for money will be more as now more money will be required to purchase the same set of commodities and if the general price level in the economy for all the commodities are low as in the case of deflation, then demand for money will be less  as now less money will be required to purchase the same set of commodities.
    3. Rate of interest: Rate of interest is the rate charged on the loans offered by the commercial banks to the people with or without any collateral. If rate of interest is high then it will decrease the real income with the people as a result of which purchasing power would be decreased which will decrease the demand for money in the economy and if rate of interest is low then it will increase the real income with the people as a result of which purchasing power would be increased which will increase the demand for money in the economy.

    NABARD is the Apex Bank for _________ credit in India.

    1. Real Estate

    2. Small Scale Industries

    3. Agriculture

    4. None of the above.


    Correct Option: C

    Which of the following is NOT the feature of monopoly form of market?

    1. Not elastic in nature

    2. Legal barriers

    3. Size of the market is too small

    4. All of the above


    Correct Option: A

    In a free market economy, the optimal quality of goods and service is determined by ____________.

    1. customers

    2. workers

    3. firms

    4. government


    Correct Option: A
    Explanation:

    Customer is one who purchase goods and services from the seller. Customer satisfaction is the main aim of the seller to earn goodwill in the market. Free market economy is one where there are no government or less government interventions. Hence, in a free market economy, the optimal quality of goods and service is determined by customers.

    When elasticity of demand is equal to one, MR will be equal to _______.

    1. one

    2. zero

    3. infinity

    4. negative


    Correct Option: B

    Marginal Revenue will be negative if the demand is _________.

    1. relatively elastic

    2. unitary elastic

    3. relatively inelastic

    4. perfectly elastic


    Correct Option: C

    Marginal revenue will be positive if elasticity of demand is _________.

    1. less than one

    2. more than one

    3. equal to one

    4. equal to zero


    Correct Option: B

    Marginal revenue will be zero if the elasticity of demand is _________.

    1. less than one

    2. greater than one

    3. equal to one

    4. equal to zero


    Correct Option: C

    If a demand curve exhibits unit elasticity for all prices the MR curve ___________.

    1. is identical with it

    2. lies below the demand curve

    3. is parallel to the x-axis

    4. is identical with the y-axis


    Correct Option: C

    Imperfect monopoly is a single firm industry where ___________________.

    1. The cross elasticity in the market is zero

    2. The cross elasticity of demand between the product of the firm and that of other commodities in the market is small, though it is above zero

    3. The price elasticity to the market is zero

    4. The income elasticity to the market is zero


    Correct Option: B
    Explanation:

    In economic theory, imperfect competition is a type of market structure showing some but not all features of competitive markets. Forms of imperfect competition include: Monopolistic competition: A situation in which many firms with slightly different products compete. The cross elasticity of demand between the product of the firm and that of other commodities in the market is small, though it is above zero

    Price discrimination is not profitable when _________________.

    1. The demand curves are iso-elastic

    2. The demand curves are elastic

    3. The supply curves are iso-elastic

    4. The supply curves are elastic


    Correct Option: A

    Relationship between revenue and elasticity of demand can be given by __________.

    1. $ MR = AR \left ( 1-\frac{e}{p} \right )$

    2. $ MR = AR \left ( 1-\frac{1}{e} \right )$

    3. $ AR = MR \left ( 1-\frac{1}{e} \right )$

    4. $ AR > MR \left ( 1-\frac{1}{e} \right )$


    Correct Option: B

    When Marginal revenue is zero?

    1. Total revenue is also zero

    2. Total revenue is the maximum

    3. Total revenue is the minimum

    4. Total revenue starts increasing sharply


    Correct Option: B

    Average revenue of a monopolist firm is _________.

    1. always more than the marginal revenue

    2. always less than the marginal revenue

    3. equal to marginal revenue

    4. any of the above three possible


    Correct Option: A

    If the demand elasticity for the monopolistic product is $1.25$ and the marginal revenue is $20$, what is the price of the product?

    1. $25$

    2. $20$

    3. $22$

    4. $18$


    Correct Option: A

    Individual buyer and seller is a price taker in which market structure?

    1. Monopoly

    2. Perfect competition

    3. Discriminating monopoly

    4. Oligopoly


    Correct Option: B

    In imperfect competition, the MR curve will lie ______________.

    1. Below the AR curve

    2. Above the MR curve

    3. Below the AC curve

    4. Above the AC curve


    Correct Option: A
    Explanation:

    A firm under imperfect competition such as under monopoly can sell more only by lowering its price. Therefore, the average curve is downward sloping and its corresponding marginal revenue curve lies below it.

    Hence, A is the correct option.

    Choose the correct answer.
    The change in TR due to the sale of an additional units is called?

    1. Total Revenue

    2. Average Revenue

    3. Marginal Revenue

    4. Revenue


    Correct Option: C
    Explanation:

     Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue which results from the sale of one more or one less unit of output.

    Under monopoly ________________.

    1. The AR being steeper than the MR curve

    2. The MR being steeper than the AR curve

    3. MR = AR

    4. AC = AR


    Correct Option: B

    The average revenue curve of a firm under pure monopoly will be a _______________.

    1. Straight line

    2. Vertical line

    3. Downwards slope

    4. Rectangular hyperbola


    Correct Option: C

    Government can eliminate all monopoly profits by setting a price equal to ______________.

    1. Average variable cost

    2. Average cost

    3. Average fixed cost

    4. Marginal cost


    Correct Option: B
    Explanation:

     The government requires the monopoly to set a price equal to average cost. That is, it requires the firm to choose an (output, price) pair for which AC is equal to AR. This regulation eliminates profit, but does not necessarily lead to an efficient outcome.

    In monopolistic competition, the average revenue curve of the firm is ______________.

    1. less elastic

    2. more elastic

    3. unit elastic

    4. None of the above


    Correct Option: B
    Explanation:

    Average curve will be considerably more elastic  because the monopolistically competitive firm has less control over the price that it can charge for its output.

    The demand curve under monopolistic competition is _______________.

    1. Horizontal

    2. Infinitely elastic

    3. Negatively sloped and highly elastic

    4. Negatively sloped and highly inelastic


    Correct Option: C
    Explanation:

    The demand curve for an individual firm is downward sloping in monopolistic competitionin contrast to perfect competition where the firm's individual demand curve is perfectly elastic. This is due to the fact that firms have market power: they can raise prices without losing all of their customers.

    The upper position of the kinked demand curve is relatively __________.

    1. less elastic

    2. more elastic

    3. more inelastic

    4. inelastic


    Correct Option: B

    For a monopoly firm, __________.

    1. the price depends on the quantity of the commodity sold

    2. price is a decreasing function of the quantity sold

    3. The market demand curve shows the quantities that consumers as a whole are willing to purchase at different prices.

    4. Both A and B


    Correct Option: D

    The quantity purchased by the consumers is  _______ function of the price.

    1. increasing

    2. decreasing

    3. not a 

    4. none of these


    Correct Option: B

     _____ is the most visible exception to the inverse relationship of competitive market structure and competitive 

    1. Perfect competition

    2. Pure monopoly

    3. Oligopoly

    4. None of the above


    Correct Option: B
    Explanation:
    Competitive behaviour and competitive market structure are, in general,  inversely related; the more competitive the market structure, less competitive  is the behaviour of the firms. On the other hand, the less competitive the market structure, the more competitive is the behaviour of firms towards each other. Pure monopoly is the most visible exception. In a pure monopoly, there is only one seller, there is no competition in the market structure.

    Individual farmers don't compete among themselves to sell a larger amount of crop because ______. 

    1. the individual farmer does not possess the power to influence the market price of the crop

    2. the given statement is false. They do compete.

    3. the individual farmer doesn't have the means

    4. none of these


    Correct Option: A

    A __________ has been defined as one where an individual firm is unable to influence the price at which the product is sold in the market.

    1. perfectly competitive market

    2. oligopoly

    3. monopoly

    4. none of these


    Correct Option: A

    Market demand curve shows the ______.

    1. quantities that consumers as a whole are willing to purchase at different prices.

    2. demand for a commodity in an area

    3. demand of the market in different conditions

    4. both A and B


    Correct Option: A
    Explanation:

    The market demand curve is the addition of all the individual demand curves in the market. It shows the quantity demanded by the individuals at a given price point. Hence, the market demand curve shows the quantities that consumers as a whole are willing to purchase at different prices.

     The ________ curve will lie exactly on the market demand curve.

    1. TR

    2. MR

    3. AR

    4. none of these


    Correct Option: C

    Which of the following is true?

    1. AR= Price

    2. MR can be negative

    3. AR can be negative

    4. TR can be negative


    Correct Option: A,B

    The actual return of an investor is reduced sometimes as the prices of the commodities go up all of a sudden. In financial sector this type of phenomenon is known as _____________.

    1. probability risk

    2. market risk

    3. inflation risk

    4. credit risk


    Correct Option: B

    Change in TR due to the sale of an additional unit is termed _________.

    1. average revenue

    2. marginal revenue

    3. additional demand

    4. both B and C


    Correct Option: B

    When the demand curve of a pure monopoly firm is elastic, marginal revenue will be _________.

    1. negative

    2. positive

    3. zero

    4. any of the above


    Correct Option: B

    For a monopoly firm the marginal revenue curve _________.

    1. overlaps AR curve

    2. is above the AR curve

    3. lies half way between AR curve and the Y axis

    4. is parallel to X axis


    Correct Option: C

    The marginal revenue curve of first degree price discriminating monopoly is __________.

    1. U shaped

    2. straight line

    3. same as its supply curve

    4. equal to its demand curve


    Correct Option: D

    Marginal revenue of a pure monopoly is less than its price because _________.

    1. to sell more it reduces prices

    2. fear of government intervention

    3. fear of losing customer base

    4. its commitment toward social justice


    Correct Option: A

    Which of the following faces a downward sloping demand curve?

    1. Firm in a competitive market

    2. Firm in a monopoly market

    3. Both (A) and (B)

    4. None of the above


    Correct Option: B

    Average revenue of a monopolist firm is _________.

    1. always more than the marginal revenue

    2. always less than the marginal revenue

    3. equal to marginal revenue

    4. any of the above


    Correct Option: D

    Profit maximization level of a Monopoly firm is ________.

    1. where MC=MR

    2. MC=Price

    3. MR=Price

    4. none


    Correct Option: A

    Which of the following statement is correct.

    1. in case of a Monopolistic firm there is no supply curve

    2. supply curve of a Monopolistic firm is downward sloping

    3. supply curve of a monopolistic firm is upward sloping

    4. supply curve of a monopolistic firm is a straight line


    Correct Option: A

    The average revenue curve of a monopolist firm is ____________.

    1. upward sloping

    2. downward sloping

    3. parallel to X axis

    4. u shaped


    Correct Option: B

    A natural monopoly has declining _________ over large range of output.

    1. long run average cost

    2. short run average cost

    3. long run total cost

    4. short run total cost


    Correct Option: A
    Explanation:

    Natural monopoly is a situation which exist due to the high fixed or start up costs to set up a business. It is seen basically where there are unique technology, raw materials.etc. A monopoly based on size and market strength is known as natural monopoly. It also has a long run average cost which is declining over large range of output.

    For a monopoly firm the MR curve ___________.

    1. overlaps AR curve

    2. is above the AR curve

    3. lies half way between AR Curve and the Y-axis

    4. is parallel to X-axis


    Correct Option: C

    When the demand of a pure monopoly firm is elastic, MR will be _______.

    1. negative

    2. positive

    3. zero

    4. none


    Correct Option: B

    Average revenue of a monopolist firm is __________.

    1. always more than the marginal revenue

    2. always less than the marginal revenue

    3. equal to marginal revenue

    4. any of the above is possible


    Correct Option: A

    A monopoly firms demand curve is __________.

    1. same as its supply curve

    2. same as its average revenue curve

    3. same as its marginal revenue curve

    4. a straight line


    Correct Option: B

    In the long-run equilibrium of a competitive market, firms operate at:

    1. The intersection of the marginal cost and marginal revenue

    2. Their efficient scale

    3. Zero economic profit

    4. All of the above


    Correct Option: D
    Explanation:

    In the long run, a competitive firm operates at MC = MR, on the minimum of the LAC and earn zero economic profit, i.e, operate at normal profit levels.

    Price discrimination will be profitable only if the elasticity of demand in different markets in which the total market has been divided is ____________.

    1. uniform

    2. different

    3. less

    4. zero


    Correct Option: B
    Explanation:

    Price discrimination will be profitable only if the elasticity of demand in different markets in which the total market has been divided is different, since, that would give the firm an opportunity to charge differing prices and generate higher revenues.

    The concept of marginal cost is closely related with which of the following?

    1. Variable cost

    2. Fixed cost

    3. Opportunity cost

    4. Economic cost


    Correct Option: A

    In a non-competitive market, when the demand of the product increases and the product price increases _______________.

    1. the marginal revenue curve will shift to the right

    2. the marginal revenue curve will shift to the left

    3. the firm will move up the marginal revenue curve and hire fewer units of the input

    4. the firm will move down the marginal revenuencurve and hire fewer units of the input


    Correct Option: A
    Explanation:

    The marginal revenues curve follows from the demand curve/average revenue curve (it is twice as steep as the demand curve), thus if the demand curve shifts upwards the marginal revenue curve will also shift upwards. 

    The supply curve for the monopolist __________.

    1. does not exist

    2. is represented by the marginal cost curve above the average total cost curve

    3. is represented by the marginal cost curve above the average variable cost curve

    4. none of the above


    Correct Option: A

    Marginal revenue for a monopolist is equal to ________________________.

    1. the increased revenue from the sale of an additional unit less the loss the revenue from selling previous unit at a lower price

    2. the change in revenue resulting from a one unit change in output

    3. the change in revenue divided by the change in output

    4. all of the above


    Correct Option: D

    In imperfect competition, the average revenue and marginal revenue curves are ________.

    1. different

    2. same

    3. identical

    4. perpendicular


    Correct Option: A

    Which of the following is true regarding monopolistic competition?

    1. $AR=MR$

    2. $MR=0$

    3. $AR< MR$

    4. $AR>MR$


    Correct Option: D

    When AR is falling, MR will be ___________.

    1. equal to AR

    2. less than AR

    3. more than AR

    4. either more or equal to AR


    Correct Option: B

    Under monopoly, MR can be negative only when:

    1. AR is increasing

    2. AR is decreasing

    3. AR is constant

    4. AR is zero


    Correct Option: B

    The strength of a monopolist may be assessed by ____________.

    1. the size of his total revenue

    2. the gap between AR and MR

    3. the size of consumer's surplus accruing to him

    4. the long-term price of his product


    Correct Option: B

    If AR curve is falling straight line, MR curve will lie below it in such a way that any line drawn from a point from y-axis parallel to x-axis to meet the AR curve is intersected by the MR curve _________.

    1. mid-way

    2. more than half-way

    3. less than half-way

    4. any where


    Correct Option: A

    In the case of consumer's demand curve determines the price, but in the case of producer ___________.
    (i) AR curve determines the price
    (ii) AR curve determines the price and income
    (iii) MR curve determines  the price
    (iv) MR curve and AR curve are determines the price

    1. 1 only

    2. 2 only

    3. 3 only

    4. 4 only


    Correct Option: A

    The marginal revenue of the monopolist is ____________.

    1. Larger than price

    2. Equal to price

    3. Smaller than price

    4. Any of the above is possible


    Correct Option: C
    Explanation:

    In a monopoly, the marginal revenue is lower than the price because the demand curve is downward sloping. When prices go down, more units of the product are bought. Because of this, marginal revenue will not always equal price.

    Competitive behaviour means _________.

    1. when an individual firm is unable to influence the price at which the product is sold in the market

    2. when firms compete with each other to achieve a greater share of the market

    3. both A and B

    4. none of the above


    Correct Option: B
    Explanation:

    Competition or competitive behaviour means when firms compete with each other in a variety of ways to achieve a higher level of sales or a greater share of the market.

    A perfectly competitive market has been defined as one where an individual
    firm is unable to influence the price at which the product is sold in the
    market.

    An example of competitive behavior is ______.

    1. Samsung and Apple competing for higher market share 

    2. individual farmers

    3. Pepsi and Coca Cola competing for greater market share

    4. both A and C


    Correct Option: D
    Explanation:
    Example of competitive behaviour is when Coke and Pepsi or Samsung and Apple compete with each other in a variety of ways to achieve a higher level of sales or a greater share of the market. Conversely, we do not find individual farmers competing among themselves to sell a larger amount of crop. This is because both Coke and Pepsi or Samsung and Apple possess the power to influence the market price of soft drinks, while the individual farmer does not.

    The author of the concept of quasi rent is ______________.

    1. Ricardo

    2. J.M.Keynes

    3. Marshall

    4. Samuelson


    Correct Option: C

    ___________________ is income derived from machines and other appliances for production by man.

    1. Quasi-rent

    2. Rent

    3. Capital

    4. Profit


    Correct Option: A

    Rent is the price paid for the use of ________________.

    1. capital

    2. land

    3. labour

    4. organisation


    Correct Option: B
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