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Air pollution - effects and control - class-VIII

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What do you call the rain that contains chemical waste and causes of damage to plants and animals?

  1. Smog

  2. Acid rain

  3. Monsoon rain

  4. Seasonal rain


Correct Option: B

Deposition of acid substance, generated from pollution, known as

  1. Acid deposition

  2. Ozone Depletion

  3. Eutrophication

  4. Deforestation


Correct Option: A

Weak acids, only capable of adding, fewer

  1. $H _{2} ions$

  2. HCl ions

  3. Cl ions

  4. P ions


Correct Option: A

When oil and gas resources are burnt they kill many forests and lakes by

  1. deforestation

  2. water pollution

  3. acid rain

  4. forest fire


Correct Option: C

Acid rain is the downpour of

  1. carbon dioxide in rain

  2. dust in rain

  3. sulphur dioxide in rain

  4. oxygen in rain


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

When the pH of raindrops down below 5.5 it is called acid rain. It occurs because of oxides of sulphur (SO2) and nitrogen (NO) which on reacting with water in the atmosphere form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These acids then come down on earth along with rain and thus, making the rain acidic. Hence, acid rain is the downpour of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitric oxide (NO).

So, the correct answer is 'sulphur dioxide in rain'.

Recent reports of acid rains industrial cities are due to the effect of atmospheric pollution by?

  1. Excessive releases of $NO _2$ and $SO _2$ by burning of fossil fuels

  2. Excessive release of $CO _2$ by burning of fuel like wood and charcoal, cutting of forests and increased animal population

  3. Excessive release of $NH _3$ by industrial plants and coal gas

  4. Excessive release of CO in atmosphere by incomplete combustion of coke, charcoal and other carbonaceous fuels in pancity of oxygen


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

the biggest cause of acid rain today is Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the air by fossil-fuel power plants, oil refineries, and vehicles, that react with rain water to form sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively

So, the correct answer is 'Excessive releases of $NO _2$ and $SO _2$ by burning of fossil fuels'

Acid rain is due to

  1. combustion to fossil fuels

  2. oxides of sulphur and nitrogen

  3. oil slick

  4. nuclear wastes


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
Acid rain has a pH of less than 5.2. When the pollutants, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen emitted in the atmosphere react with water, they form sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively which come down on earth along with the rain. Due to this, the rain becomes acidic. The reactions of the formation of nitric acid and sulfuric acid in the atmosphere are as follows:
SO2 + O2 ---> SO3
SO3 + H2O ---> H2SO4
NO + [O] ---> N2O5
N2O5 + H20 ---> HNO3

So, the correct answer is 'Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen'.

Acid deposition damages leaves of birch and needles of:

  1. Grass

  2. Pine Tree

  3. Fruits Trees

  4. Vegetables


Correct Option: B

What compounds are identified as contributing to acid rain?

  1. Carbon dioxide

  2. Sulphur and nitrogen oxides

  3. Mercury oxides

  4. Phosphates


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Acid rain is a rain that is usually acidic (elevated levels of hydrogen ions) or low pH. It can have harmful effects on plants and aquatic animals. Acid rain is caused by emission of sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides which react with water molecule in the atmosphere to produce acids.

Acid rain is produced when rain mixes with gases such as sulphur dioxide. This will eventually result in

  1. Lowering of pH and changes of temperature in ponds

  2. Raising of pH in ponds, encouraging growth of if microorganisms

  3. Lowering of pH in ponds, limiting survival of aquatic organisms

  4. Raising of pH in ponds, limiting development of organisms


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The ecological effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in the aquatic environments, such as streams, lakes, etc. Acid rain flows into streams, lakes and marshes after falling on forests, fields, building and roads. Acid rain water primarily decreases the pH of water sources from normal range (6 to 8 pH) Lakes and streams become acidic (i.e., pH values goes down), when water itself and its surrounding soil cannot buffer the acid rain water to neutralize it. In areas where buffering capacity is low, acid rain releases aluminium from soils into lakes and streams, aluminium is highly toxic to many species of aquatic organisms leading to their mortality. Therefore, limiting the survival of aquatic animals. So, the correct answer is 'Lowering of pH in ponds, limiting survival of aquatic organisms'.

In acid rain, sulphuric acid accounts for 

  1. 100% of acid

  2. 70% of acid

  3. 50% of acid

  4. 30% of acid


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Acid rain is acidic with a pH of below 5.6. Rain becomes acidic because of gases that dissolve in the rain. Approximately 70% of acid rain is a result of dissolved sulfur dioxide ($SO _2$), which forms sulphuric acid. The remaining 30% or so comes from various nitrogen oxides (mostly $NO _2$ and $NO _3$, which has collectedly called NOx). There are also a small percentage of hydrochloric acid and carbonic acid.

The equation is as follows: 
Sulphuric acid when it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air: 
$SO _3$(g) + $H _2O$ (l) = $H _2SO _4$ (aq). 
In the air, the nitrogen ion becomes nitric or nitrous acid: 
$NO _2$(g) + $H _2O$(l) = $HNO _3$ (aq) + $HNO _2$(aq).

Acid rain is caused due to increase in concentration of

  1. $SO _2\,\,and\,\,NO _2$

  2. $CO\,\,and\,\,CO _2$

  3. $CO\,\,and\,\,SO _2$


  4. Ozone and dust


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Acid rain refers to the precipitation with a pH of less than 5. It is a mixture of H$ _2$SO$ _4$ and HNO$ _3$, the ratio of the two acids vary depending on the relative quantities of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides present in the atmosphere. These oxides are mainly produced by combustion of fossil fuels, smelters, industries, power plants, automobile exhausts etc. SO$ _2$ and NO when present in large quantities dissolved in water vapour form sulphuric acid and nitric acid which dissolve in rain water resulting in acid rain (H$ _2$SO$ _4$ ) and (HNO$ _3$) which in turn causes great damage to forests and vegetation.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

The rain mixed with sulphuric acid is called as

  1. Acid rain

  2. Alkaline rain

  3. Neutral rain

  4. None of these


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The oxides in the atmosphere can react with the water to form respective acids. Generally, the non-metal oxides such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide react with water to form sulphuric and nitric acid. These acids along with rain water fall on earth as acid rain.

Thus, the correct answer is option A. 

Rain is called as acid rain when its pH is below

  1. 7

  2. 6.5

  3. 6

  4. 4 to 5


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Acid rain is a rain that is acidic, meaning it has very low pH. When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air, they react with water and oxygen and produces sulfuric and nitric acids. These acids then mix with water and result in acid rain. Normal rain water is slightly acidic with a pH range of 5-6. When the pH level of rain water falls below this range, it becomes acid rain. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Acid rain is harmful to

  1. Plants

  2. Animals

  3. Buildings

  4. All of these


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Sulfur dioxide (SO$ _2$) and nitrogen oxides (NO$ _2$) are emitted into the atmosphere and transported by the wind and air currents. The SO$ _2$ and NO$ _2$ react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These then mix with water and other materials before falling to the ground in the form of acid rain. When this acid deposits on land or water it results in acidity harming organisms. It also causes corrosion of building materials and paints. Thus the correct answer is option D.

SO$ _2$ of the atmosphere combines with water to form H$ _2$SO$ _4$. When this reaches the soil

  1. It increases the pH of the soil

  2. It decreases the pH of the soil

  3. pH remains the same

  4. Soil texture changes


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Acid rain is a mixture of wet and dry deposition from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. 

Acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides resulting from fossil fuel combustion. These gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds. 
When this rain falls on the soil, the soil becomes acidic. Also, the leaves get destroyed and germinating seeds get corroded. Plants experience stunted growth. Thus, vegetation is destroyed.

Taj Mahal marble is affected by

  1. $SO _2$

  2. $O _2$

  3. $O _3$

  4. $NO _2$


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Sulfur dioxide emitted by factories near the monument and exhaust from trucks and buses are slowly corroding the Taj Mahal's soft marble. SO$ _2$ produces sulfurous and sulfuric acids with water. Sulfuric acid reacts with marble to produce calcium sulphate which is soluble in water hence marble dissolves and erodes. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Acid rain is due to pollution of

  1. Dust

  2. Pesticides

  3. $SO _2$ and $NO _2$

  4. Carbon particle


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions with pH of less than 5. It is due to the excess of SO$ _2$and NO$ _2$ in the air which along with water form sulphurous and nitric acid. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Taj Mahal loss of whitening is because of Acid rain.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

Identify the correct statements about acid rain.
I. Acid rain is caused by nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
II. Acid rain can damage plants directly.
III. Acid rain can cause magnesium and calcium to be leached from the soil.

  1. I only

  2. II only

  3. III only

  4. Both II and III

  5. All of the above


Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Acid Rain is any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms.

It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. It weaken the trees by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or poisoning them with toxic substances slowly released from the soil.
Soil chemistry can be dramatically changed when base cations, such as calcium and magnesium, are leached by acid rain thereby affecting sensitive species. Hence, the correct answer is option D.

Dissolved gas present in acid rain is

  1. Hydrogen chloride

  2. Nitrogen oxide

  3. Sulphur dioxide

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

All of the given gases are present in acid rain. Many gases from the industrial effluents and burning of fuels in automobiles led to the release of these harmful gases in the air. These get mixed with rain and form the harmful acid rain.

So, option D is the correct answer.

Increased $SO _2$ concentration in the air causes

  1. Global warming

  2. Eutrophication of lakes

  3. Depletion of the ozone layer

  4. Magnification of the ozone layer

  5. Acid rain


Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Acid rain is the result of increased sulphur and nitrogen oxide levels in the atmosphere. When nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide reacts with water, oxygen and other chemicals forms nitric acid and sulfuric acid which then mix with rainwater and causes acid rain. Thus, the correct answer is option E.

Mycorrhizal fungi, which form a mutualistic association with many plant roots, are particularly sensitive to the effects of acid rain. These fungi facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients by the plants; in turn, the plants provide sugars and amino acids without which the fungi could not survive.

The relationship between mycorrhizal fungi

  1. One partner benefits from the association and the other partner is harmed

  2. One partner benefits from the association and the other partner is neither harmed nor helped

  3. One partner preys upon the other partner

  4. Both partners benefit from the association

  5. Neither partner benefits from the association


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Mycorrhizae are the symbiotic fungi that reside in roots of higher plants and increase soil fertility by nitrogen fixation and also increase water and mineral absorption by plant roots. Fungi are beneffited by this association as they get sugar and amino acids. Both partners are benefitted; association is symbiosis. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Changes in the chemical nature of Taj Mahal is due to

  1. Chemical from oil refinery

  2. Acid rain

  3. Floods from river Yamuna

  4. Rise in temperature


Correct Option: B

$\displaystyle { SO } _{ 2 }$ in the air causes

  1. Global warming

  2. Eutrophication of lakes

  3. Depletion of the ozone layer

  4. Magnification in the food chain

  5. Acid rain


Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Sulphur dioxide (SO$ _2$) is an air pollutant. When this gas comes in contact with water droplets, it gets converted to mild sulphuric acid which is acidic. Hence in areas of pollution with SO$ _2$ gas, normal rain water gets converted to sulphuric acid. This is called as acid rain. Acid rain generally leads to weathering of buildings, corrosion of metals, and peeling of paints on surfaces.

The Mathura refinery smoke is thought to reduce the shine of Taj mahal by

  1. Increasing U.V radiations

  2. Acid rain

  3. 3, 4 benzpyrene

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The reduction in the shine of Taj mahal is understood by the term called as marble cancer. Various pollutants are emitted by the industries situated near Agra, specially the Mathura refinery. These pollutants react with the marble forming a fine layer of dust over it and also various gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide combines with moisture and settles down as acid rain on the walls of the monument thus provides a yellow tingle to its pure white marble.

So, the correct answer is option B.

Acid rain is caused due to increase in concentration of (in atmosphere)

  1. $SO _2$ and $NO _2$

  2. CO and $CO _2$

  3. CO and $SO _3$

  4. $O _3$ and dust


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Acid rain is rainfall and other forms of precipitation with a pH less than 5. Acid rain is caused by large scale emission of acidic gases into the atmosphere from thermal power plants, industries, and automobiles. The common ones are sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic carbons and hydrogen chloride. These oxides combine with water to form acids.

So, the correct answer is option A.

Acid rains are produced by

  1. Excess $NO _2$ and $SO _2$ from burning fossil fuels

  2. Excess production of $NH _3$ by industry and coal gas

  3. Excess release of carbon monoxide by incomplete combustion

  4. Excess formation of $CO _2$ by combustion and animal respiration


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

When the industrial activities use the fossil fuels, the excess of this usage results in the release of oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur. These condense around in the troposphere and react with water to form the nitric acid, nitrous acid, and sulphuric acid. These acids precipitate with rain to form the acid rain. Acid rain is corrosive to the tissues, buildings etc.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Excess NO$ _{2}$ and SO$ _{2}$ from burning fossil fuels'.

Corrosion of statues and monuments occurs due to

  1. Photochemical smog

  2. Carbon monoxide

  3. Acid rain

  4. Methane


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Acid rain is rich in sulphuric acid and nitric acid. These acids have corrosive effects on the building material. They get deposited on the limestone, sandstone, marble etc. and increase their corrosion when exposed to the rain and fog.

A. Photochemical smog causes respiratory illness.
B. Carbon monoxide causes a lack of oxygen in the body.
C. Acid rain corrodes the statues and monuments.
D. Methane is a greenhouse gas.
So, the correct answer is 'Acid rain'

Which of the following gases cause acid rain?

  1. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

  2. Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen

  3. Oxides of nitrogen and carbon dioxide

  4. None of these


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The fossils burn in the atmosphere and forms oxides. These oxides combine with the precipitation and forms acids. This acid falls on earth as acid rain. The acid rain harms the flora and fauna. It also causes skin diseases.

So, the correct answer is option B.

Etching of marble, limestone, jewellery, etc., is caused by pollutant.

  1. $CO _2$

  2. CO

  3. $SO _2$

  4. $CH _4$


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Acidic compounds such as sulphuric acids and nitric acids are corrosive in nature and cause etching of marble, limestone and jewellery.

These are formed by oxides of nitrogen and sulphur and are corrosive.
So, the correct option is SO$ _2$.

Acid rain is caused by

  1. $SO _2$ and $SO _3$

  2. $SO _2$ and CO

  3. $NH _3$ and CO

  4. $SO _2$ and $NH _3$


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Acid rain is caused by the chemical reaction. Basically, rain that has unusually low pH is called acid rain. The most common chemicals that cause acid rain are sulphur oxides and nitric oxides. These substances rise high in the atmosphere where they react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutant. Sulphur dioxide on reaction with water and oxygen forms sulphur trioxide which is rapidly converted into sulphuric acid in presence of water.

Hence, the correct answer is 'SO$ _{2}$ and SO$ _{3}$'.

The term acid rain was given by

  1. Fourier

  2. Angus

  3. Tyndall

  4. Linnaeus


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The term acid rain was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith. The acid rain is contains water having pH around 5.6. When the air pollutants like oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur reach the troposphere, they react with the water or moisture and forms acids like nitric acid, nitrous acid or sulphuric acid. These acids then precipitate with the rain to form the acid rain. Hence, the correct answer is 'Angus'.

How does acid precipitation(acid rain) affect plants?

  1. It releases H$+$ ions, thereby increasing the of rate photophosphorylation in green cells

  2. It precipitates organic acids in palisades cells of leaves, thereby inhibiting respiration

  3. It injuries foliage leading to reduction in photosynthesis, biomass and occasionally death

  4. It precipitates toxic nutrients in soil leading to growth inhibition in trees


Correct Option: A

Acid rains are produced by

  1. Excess $ { NO } { x } $ and $ { SO }{ 2 } from burning fossil fuels

  2. Excess production of $ { NH } _{ 3 } $ by industries and power plants

  3. Excess release of carbon monoxide by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels

  4. Excess release of $ { CO } _{ 2 } $ by combustion and animal respiration.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Acid rain is caused by large-scale emission of acidic gases into the atmosphere from thermal power plants, industries, and automobiles. The common ones are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides NOx, volatile organic carbons VOCs and hydrogen chloride. NOx is also produced in the atmosphere through lightning. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are changed in the atmosphere into sulphuric acid and nitric acid by combining with oxygen and water.

So, the correct answer is 'Excess NOx and $ { SO }_{ 2 } from burning fossil fuels'.

Which of the following causes regional pollution?

  1. Smog

  2. Acid rain

  3. $O _3$ layer depletion

  4. Both A and B


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Smog is formed of smoke and fog and is particularly a pressing problem for large metropolitan cities. The constituents of smog are ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. The sources of these pollutants are emissions from vehicles, smokestack emission paints etc. 
Acid rain is formed when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water and oxygen forming more acidic pollutant. Areas having industrial abundance are prone to acid rains. The major sources are coal-fired power plants, burning of fossil fuels etc.
Hence, the correct answer is 'Both A and B'

In acid rain, $SO _2$, sulphuric acid accounts for

  1. $100\%$

  2. $30\%$

  3. $50\%$

  4. $70\%$


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction. Basically, rain that has unusually low pH is called acid rain. The most common chemicals that cause acid rain are sulphur oxides and nitric oxides. These substances rise high in the atmosphere where they react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutant. Sulphur dioxide on reaction with water and oxygen forms sulphur trioxide which is rapidly converted into sulphuric acid in presence of water. It accounts for 70% volume in acid rain.

Hence, the correct answer is '70%'.

Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants.
  1. True

  2. False


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids.

What is an estimated damage caused by acid rain to buildings in USA?

  1. 3 billion $ a Year

  2. 4 billion $ a Year

  3. 9 billion $ a Year

  4. 5 billion $ a Year


Correct Option: D

Acid rain is capable of damaging the buildings and historic monuments which are made up of rocks such as limestone and marble. Which among the following is the end product of such reaction?

  1. Quick Lime

  2. Calcium Carbonate

  3. Calcium Hydroxide

  4. Gypsum


Correct Option: D

In acid rain, water dissolves toxic elements from rocks such as:

  1. Cobalt

  2. Aluminum

  3. Salts

  4. $CO _{2}$


Correct Option: B

Burning of coal produces oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which combined with water vapor leads to

  1. acid rain

  2. brackish water

  3. forest fire

  4. soil pollution


Correct Option: A

Acid deposition causes

  1. the greenhouse effect to lessen

  2. lakes and forests to die

  3. acid indigestion in humans

  4. all the above are correct


Correct Option: B

Acid rain contains

  1. Sulphuric acid

  2. Hydrochloric acid

  3. Oxalic acid

  4. Acetic acid


Correct Option: A

Which two gases involved in formation of acid rain?

  1. Nitrogen and Sulfur

  2. Nitrogen and Carbon

  3. Nitrogen and Oxygen

  4. Nitrogen and Magnesium


Correct Option: A

Acid rain mainly result from

  1. Sulfur dioxide

  2. Carbon dioxide

  3. Carbon monoxide

  4. Ammonia


Correct Option: A

Read the passage and answer the following questions:
Acid rain is formed after the burning of fossil fuels releases compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur into the atmosphere. Sunlight and rain bring about chemical reactions that convert these compounds into nitric acid and sulfur dioxide, which combine with water droplets to form acid rain. Acid rain typically has a pH of approximately 5.5. "The higher acidity of soil and water affects many living organisms adversely. As the pH of lake water falls, fish become ill and die. Table 1 shows the effects of pH on the size of adult fish.

pH of lake Average length of fish (cm)    Average mass of fish (g)
7.5 30 cm 454 g
7.0 28 cm    450 g
6.5 29 cm  453 g
6.0 25 cm   401 g
5.5 20 cm    288 g
5.0 17 cm 127 g
4.5 All fish died All fish died


Mycorrhizal fungi, which form a mutualistic association with many plant roots, are particularly sensitive to the effects of acid rain. These fungi facilitate the
absorption of water and nutrients by the plants; in turn, the plants provide sugars and amino acids without which the fungi could not survive.
Fungi are classified as

  1. Prokaryotic decomposers

  2. Eukaryotic producers

  3. Eukaryotic decomposers

  4. Eukaryotic autotrophs

  5. Prokaryotic consumers


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Fungi have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and are classified as eukaryotes.

Fungi are not producers (can not synthesize organic compounds by themselves), they feed on the dead and decaying matter and derive their nutrition by decomposition of complex organic matter present in debris making them saprophytes and decomposers. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

Acid rain is produced when rain mixes with chemicals such as sulfur dioxide in the air. This may result in

  1. Lowering the pH in ponds, thus limiting the survival of many organisms

  2. Lowering the pH in ponds, thus affecting water temperature

  3. Raising the pH in ponds, thus encouraging the growth of organisms

  4. Raising the pH in ponds, thus limiting animal development

  5. Depleting atmospheric carbon dioxide available for photosynthesis


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Acid rain will lower down the pH of pond water and will cause an adverse effect on survival of many organisms as the acidic environment does not support the growth and existence of organisms. 

Normal pond water has neutral or slightly alkaline pH; acid rain would lower down its pH. 
Water temperature of the pond is determined by the availability of Sunlight and depth of water. 
pH does not affect the level of available dissolved carbon dioxide. 
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Read the passage and answer the following questions.


Acid rain is formed after the burning of fossil fuels releases compounds containing nitrogen and sulphur into the atmosphere. Sunlight and rain bring about chemical reactions that convert these compounds into nitric acid and sulphur dioxide, which combine with water droplets to form acid rain. Acid rain typically has a pH of approximately 5.5. "The higher acidity of soil and water affects many living organisms adversely. As the pH of lake water falls, fish become ill and die. Table 1 shows the effects of pH on the size of adult fish.

pH of lake Average length of fish (cm)    Average mass of fish (g)
7.5 30 cm    454 g
7.0 28 cm  450 g
6.5 29 cm   453 g
6.0 25 cm    401 g
5.5 20 cm    288 g
5.0 17 cm   127 g
4.5 all fish died all fish died


Mycorrhizal fungi, which form a mutualistic association with many plant roots, are particularly sensitive to the effects of acid rain. These fungi facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients by the plants; in turn, the plants provide sugars and amino acids without which the fungi could not survive.
What might be the best strategy to prevent the death of the fishes?

  1. Stock the lakes with bigger fish so that they can resist the effects of the acid better

  2. Reduce the amount of fossil fuels that are burned

  3. Supply plants with excess phosphorus and water

  4. Supply fungi with excess sugars and amino acids

  5. Add alkalines to soil and water to neutralize the acid


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Acid rain is caused by burning of fossil fuels. By reducing the amount of burning of fossil fuel, which is one of the major cause of acid rain, frequency of acid rain can be reduced. Bigger fishes may or may not withstand the acidity. Supply of excess phosphorus and water may not benefit the plants as absorption of these substances by plant is not guaranteed. Likewise, supplying excess sugar and amino acid wont benefit the fungi. Adding alkaline might help but are not eco-friendly.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Acid rain will not affect

  1. Lithosphere

  2. Plants

  3. Ozone layer

  4. Animals


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Acid rain has no direct effect on the ozone layer. Acid rain is the rain which has unusually low pH and has acidic pollutant of nitric acid and sulphuric acid caused by the atmospheric oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. There is a little mixing of ozone with troposphere which occurs by downwind. The pollutants which cause acid rain do not make it into the ozone layer in any significant amount. The clouds appear in the troposphere and precipitation occurs from there causing rain. So, acid rain is between the troposphere and the earth's surface (Lithosphere) while the ozone layer is in the stratosphere. Plants and animals are worst affected by the acid rain.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Ozone Layer'.

Pollutant which causes acid rain is

  1. $SO _2$

  2. $CO _2$

  3. CO

  4. Hydrocarbons


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Acid rain is caused by the chemical reaction. Basically, rain that has unusually low pH is called acid rain. The most common chemicals that cause acid rain are sulphur oxides and nitric oxides. These substances rise high in the atmosphere where they react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutant. Sulphur dioxide on reaction with water and oxygen forms sulphur trioxide which is rapidly converted into sulphuric acid in presence of water.

Hence, the correct answer is 'SO$ _{2}$'

The acid rain destroys vegetation because it contains 

  1. Nitrates

  2. H$ _2$SO$ _4$

  3. O$ _3$

  4. CO


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Acid rain is a formed due to the mixing of oxides of several harmful gases with the rain. Acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides resulting from fossil fuel combustion. These gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds. 

When this rain falls on the soil, the soil becomes acidic. Also, the leaves get destroyed and germinating seeds get corroded. Plants experience stunted growth. Thus, vegetation is destroyed.
So, the correct answer is option B.

Acid rain is due to increase in atmospheric concentration of

  1. Ozone and dust

  2. CO$ _2$ and CO

  3. SO$ _3$ and CO

  4. SO$ _2$ and NO$ _2$


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

NOx and $SO _2$ are emitted by fossil fuel combustion especially coal. These chemicals are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere when they react with water vapour. When these acids are mixed with rain water they from acid rain. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Read the passage and answer the following questions.


Acid rain is formed after the burning of fossil fuels releases compounds containing nitrogen and sulphur into the atmosphere. Sunlight and rain bring about chemical reactions that convert these compounds into nitric acid and sulphur dioxide, which combine with water droplets to form acid rain. Acid rain typically has a pH of approximately 5.5." . The higher acidity of soil and water affects many living organisms adversely. As the pH of lake waterfalls, fish become ill and die. Table 1 shows the effects of pH on the size of adult fish.

pH of lake Average length of fish (cm)    Average mass of fish (g)
7.5 30 cm 454 g
7.0 28 cm 450 g
6.5 29 cm  453 g
6.0 25 cm    401 g
5.5 20 cm    288 g
5.0 17 cm    127 g
4.5 all fish died all fish died


Mycorrhizal fungi, which form a mutualistic association with many plant roots, are particularly sensitive to the effects of acid rain. These fungi facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients by the plants; in turn, the plants provide sugars and amino acids without which the fungi could not survive.
If the pH of the soil was 7.0, then

  1. The fungi would survive but the plant would be harmed.

  2. The fungi would be harmed but the plant would survive.

  3. The fungi would be slightly harmed and the plant would be slightly harmed.

  4. Both the fungi and plant would survive.

  5. Neither the fungi nor the plant would be harmed.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

pH 7 is the neutral pH that does not harm plants and animals. Both plant and fungi will survive. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Acid rain occurs above the area where

  1. There is excess release of $NH _3$ and coal gas

  2. Factories are expelling $SO _2$ into air

  3. There is excess production of $CO _2$ due to excessive combustion and respiration

  4. There is excess production of gaseous hydrocarbons


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Acid rain is a result of a chemical reaction occurring in a localized area where the concentration of the oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are high. An area where there are factories will have an accumulation of sulphur dioxide in the air. These oxides react with water and precipitate in the form of the acid rain. For example, around the Taj Mahal area, the presence of the Mathura Refinery has caused multiple events of acid rain.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Factories are expelling SO$ _{2}$ into air'.

Match the columns and find out the correct combination.

I II
a DDT i. Co, $CO _2$
b PAN ii. Smog
c Acid rain iii. Biological magnification
d Global warming iv. $SO _2$
  1. a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i

  2. a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-iv

  3. a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i

  4. a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i

  5. a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
   I    II
 a  DDT  iii  Biological magnification
 b  PAN  ii  Smog
 c  Acid Rain  iv  SO$ _{2}$
 d  Global Warming  i  CO, CO$ _{2}$

a. DDT is the organochlorine that was used as the insecticide. It is insoluble in water but shows persistence in the adipose tissues of the living organisms due to which it keeps in accumulating at the successive trophic level in the food chain. This accumulation is called the biological accumulation.

b. Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) is the secondary pollutant that causes the formation of smog in the presence of sunlight,
c. Acid rain the result of the reaction between the oxides of nitrogen and sulphur with the water to form the respective acids and precipitate in the form of acid rain.
d. Global warming is the increase in the temperature of the earth due to the trapping of the long-wave infra-red radiations by the gases like CO, CO$ _{2}$. This is called the greenhouse effect.
Hence, the correct answer is 'a-iii, b-ii, c-iv, d-i'.

Study the following statements regarding acid rain and select the incorrect ones.


(i) Acid rain refers to the rainfall and other forms of precipitation with a pH of less than 5.
(ii) Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are released from automobile exhausts, industries, power plants, etc.
(iii) These oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, may react with water in the air and form sulphuric acid $ \left( { H } _{ 2 }{ SO } _{ 4 } \right)  $ and nitric acid $ \left( { HNO } _{ 3 } \right)  $
(iv) Acid rain has harmful effects on animals and human beings but no characteristic impact on plants.

  1. (i) and (iii)

  2. (iii) and (iv)

  3. (iv) only

  4. (ii) only


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Acid rain damages plants by direct effect on foliage and growing point-chlorosis, necrosis, defoliation, dieback. It causes leaching of essential minerals of soil.

"Smog" is a mixture of

  1. Smoke and Fog

  2. Snow and Fog

  3. Snow and Dust

  4. Sulphur Dioxide and Fog


Correct Option: A

Pottery workers are at high risk of _________ lung disease

  1. Asbestosis

  2. Asthma

  3. Silicosis

  4. Bronchitis


Correct Option: C

Smog is formed when fog is mixed with _______

  1. Sulphur

  2. Mercury

  3. Smoke

  4. Snow flakes


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Smog is formed when fog is mixed with smoke. The presence of unburnt hydrocarbons in air when mixed with condensed water vapour forms a thick layer called smog. It lowers the visibility during winters and is an indication of air pollution.

Smog is _____

  1. Smkoe

  2. Fog

  3. Both A and B

  4. None of these


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Smoke released from various sources may get mixed with dust particles and small drops of fog to produce what is called smog.

The combination of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of the sunlight causes

  1. Global warming

  2. Smog

  3. Ozone hole in the atmosphere

  4. Acid rain


Correct Option: B

Cement factory labourers are prone to

  1. Leukemia

  2. Bone-marrow diseases

  3. Asbestosis

  4. Cytosilicosis


Correct Option: D

Chemically, reducing high levels of sulfur dioxide is known as:

  1. Reducing smog

  2. Enhanced Smoke

  3. Smog

  4. smoke


Correct Option: A

Smog can be harmful for:

  1. Respiratory tract

  2. Urinary tract

  3. Digestive tract

  4. Spinocerebellar tract


Correct Option: A

All are physical pollutants except

  1. heat

  2. sound

  3. radiations

  4. soot


Correct Option: D
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