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Environmental conservation - class-IX

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Which of the following country is responsible for releasing largest amount of green-house gases?

  1. Russia

  2. Germany

  3. Brazil

  4. America (USA)


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Greenhouse gases trap heat and make the planet warmer causes global warming. Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years and USA is responsible for releasing largest amount of greenhouse gases. The primary sources of greenhouse gases in USA are electricity production (31%), transportation (27%), industry (21%), commercial and residential (12%) etc.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Which of the following is considered a type of pollution?

  1. Noise

  2. Radiation

  3. Soil pollution

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

There are five major types of pollution:
1. Air pollution

2. Water pollution
3. Soil pollution
4. Radiation
5. Noise

A pollutant is an agent which causes change in

  1. Balance of nature

  2. Local flora

  3. Geochemical cycles

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Geochemical cycle refers to the chemical interactions in surface reservoirs such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Pollution is any undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, land, water or soil. Agents that bring about such an undesirable change are called as pollutants. Local flora and fauna is also affected by the pollutant. Balance of nature also gets disturbed as pollutant affects the living organism and composition of gases in the atmosphere.

A substance that pollute something is called as 

  1. Sewage

  2. Particulate

  3. Pollutant

  4. Smog


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Pollutant is a substance which when introduced into the environment has undesired effects. Pollutant causes long- or short-term damage by changing the environmental factors. Some pollutants are biodegradable and therefore do not persist in the environment in the long term. However, the degradation products of some pollutants are themselves polluting such as the products DDE and DDD produced from degradation of DDT.

Introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e, physical systems or living organisms, is called as

  1. Adulteration

  2. Fortification

  3. Pollution

  4. Enrichment


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
  • Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. 
  • Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. 
  • Hence, Introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e, physical systems or living organisms, is called Pollution.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Pollution'.

Which ecosystem generate wealth as well as causes pollution?

  1. Man subsidized solar power ecosystem

  2. Unsubsidized natural solar powered ecosystem

  3. Naturally subsidized solar powered ecosystem

  4. Fuel power ecosystem


Correct Option: D

The pollutant which effects more to the organism of higher trophic level is  

  1. biodegradable sewage

  2. heavy metal salts and non biodegradable phenolic compounds

  3. $C{O _2}$

  4. $S{O _2}$


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Non- biodegradable compounds such as DDT and mercury accumulate in the tissues of organisms that consume them since they do not break down easily. As a result, when they, in turn, are consumed by secondary organisms their amount magnifies. This is known as biomagnification. Hence, such non-biodegradable compounds affect the organisms of higher trophic level more. So, the correct option is 'heavy metal salts and non-biodegradable phenolic compounds'.

Which is not a positive pollution -

  1. More use of bio fertilizer

  2. Land filling by wastes

  3. Deforestation

  4. Deforestation of nuclear waste in soil


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Deforestation is a permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses and resulting in damage to the quality of land. It leads to loss of many animal and plant species by disturbing their habitat that may result in their extinction.
So the correct answer is 'Deforestation'.

Soap and detergents are the source of organic pollutants like:

  1. Glycerol

  2. Polyphosphates

  3. Sulphonated hydrocarbons

  4. All of these


Correct Option: D

Effect of pollution is first marked on 

  1. Micro-organisms

  2. Green vegetation of an area

  3. Food crop

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Atmospheric pollutants have a negative effect on the plants; they can have direct toxic effects, or indirectly by changing soil pH followed by solubilization of toxic salts of metals like aluminium. The particulate matters have a negative mechanical effect. They cover the leaf blade reducing light penetration and blocking the opening of stomata. These influence strongly the process of photosynthesis whose rate declines sharply. Also, the leaves of the trees have an important role in the retention of the particulate matters; they are mostly affected when the wet and dry atmospheric deposition increase.

So, the correct answer is option B.

Any unfavorable alteration of the environment may be called as

  1. eutrophication

  2. environmental pollution

  3. biomagnigication

  4. bioaccumulation


Correct Option: B

During inversion, visibility is reduced and pollutant concentration is

  1. Minimized

  2. Maximized

  3. Reduced

  4. Decreased


Correct Option: B

For which of the following PM10 and PM2.5 Samplers are used?

  1. Food adulteration

  2. Adulterated Petrol

  3. Environment Pollution

  4. Noise Pollution


Correct Option: C

Which is not a pollutant from exhaust of motor vehicle?

  1. SO$ _2$

  2. CO

  3. Fly ash

  4. Hydrocarbon gas


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Fly ash is produced due to the incomplete burning or combustion of the fossil fuels. The ash contains the carbon particles or flecks which are suspended in the air. The pollutants which are released from the exhaust of the motor vehicle are particulate matter, SO$ _2$, NO$ _x$, CO, etc. 

Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

Effect of pollution is first marked on

  1. Natural balance of the ecosystem

  2. Geological cycle

  3. Rainfall and climate

  4. Fauna of a place


Correct Option: A

Which of the following statements is true?

  1. Lichens are affected by SO$ _2$.

  2. All pollutants are not waste.

  3. Carbon monoxide is a serious pollutant.

  4. All of the above.


Correct Option: D

A very harmful fibrous component causing pollution and an inflicting disease of lungs in human beings is

  1. Asbestos

  2. Eichhornia roots

  3. ABS micelle

  4. Grease


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Asbestos is widely used in shipbuilding, commercial product manufacturing, power plants, and construction. It causes air pollution. Asbestos fibers are easily inhaled because they are microscopic. Once inhaled, the fibers cling to the respiratory system, including the lining of the lungs and inner cavity tissue. Asbestos fibers are rigid hence they become lodged in the soft internal tissue of the respiratory system. They cannot be easily expelled or broken down by the body thus damaging the lungs. Thus the correct answer is option A.

Which human disease becomes aggravated by atmospheric pollution?

  1. Bronchitis

  2. Leucoderma

  3. Haemophilia

  4. Rheumatism


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Bronchitis is caused due to infection and swollening of the bronchial tubes which carries air to the lungs. It is of two types i.e., acute and chronic. The acute is of mild type and caused by virus, even by bacteria and also exposure to substances that irritate the lungs, such as tobacco smoke, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution.

So, the correct answer is option A.

Floride pollution produces necrosis or chlorosis of

  1. Midrib

  2. Leaf margin and tip

  3. Stem

  4. Petiole but not lamina


Correct Option: B

Which of the following are bio pollutants? 

  1. Spores and pollen grains

  2. Algae

  3. Protonzoans

  4. Dairy and poultry waste


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
Excessive amounts of nitrates and phosphates from agricultural run-off cause a type of biopollution called eutrophication that stimulates an explosive growth of algae that depletes the water of oxygen. When the algae die are eaten by bacteria. Hence pond waters become hypoxic (oxygen poor) or anoxic (completely depleted of oxygen) due to algal blooms. Thus the correct answer is option B.

Pollution indicator plants

  1. Are resistant to pollution

  2. Can purify the atmosphere

  3. Are very sensitive to pollution

  4. Are very sensitive to pollutants


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The pollution indicators are the agents which determine the presence of the pollutant. There is a change in the structure of the pollution indicators when there is pollutant present in the environment. The indicators are sensitive to pollution. The plants which are used as the pollution indicators show bleaching, stunting or death due to the presence of the pollutant.

Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

Labours working in a cement factory suffer from

  1. Cytosilicosis

  2. Bone marrow cancer

  3. Cardiac disease

  4. Asbestosis


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The labours who are working in the cement factories suffer from respiratory disorders. Cement contains silica and the cement is present in the powdered form which readily gets into the atmosphere. The cement particles when inhaled results in cytosilicosis. This is a disease in which there is an accumulation of silica in the cells of the body. 

Thus, the correct answer is option A. 

A pollutant that cause irritation in eyes, nose and throat is

  1. CO

  2. $SO _2$

  3. CFC

  4. $CH _4$


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Sulphur dioxide form a a very harmful gas. It is also responsible for the formation of acid rain and a potent atmospheric pollutant. People with asthma and similar bronchial conditions are at a greater risk through sulphur dioxide poisoning. It is also linked with cardio vascular diseases.

So, option B is the correct answer.

Very fine organic or inorganic particles suspended in air is known as

  1. Particulate pollutant

  2. Gaseous pollutant

  3. Aerosol

  4. Dust particle


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Aerosols are minute organic or inorganic particles suspended in the atmosphere. These are the colloids of solid and liquids suspended in air. Their scattering of sunlight can reduce visibility.

So, the correct answer is option C.

Which of the following groups of plants can be used as indicators of S$O _2$ pollution of air?

  1. Epiphytic lichens

  2. Ferns

  3. Liver worts

  4. Horn worts


Correct Option: A

Which of the following is a weightless pollutant?

  1. Sewage and exhaust emission

  2. $SO _2$ and $NO _2$

  3. Photochemical smog

  4. Heat, sound and radioactive wastes


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Heat in the form of thermal waste waters flowing out of electricity-generating units, e.g., thermal power plants, constitute important category of pollutants. Thermal waste water eliminates or reduces the number of organisms sensitive to high temperature, and may damage the indigenous flora and fauna. Noise is an unwanted sound, or sound which produces unpleasant effects and discomfort on the ears and reduces the quality of life. Radiation, that is given off by nuclear waste is extremely damaging to organisms, because it causes mutations at a very high rate. At high doses, nuclear radiation is lethal but at lower doses, it creates various disorders, the most frequent of all being cancer. All the three are pollutants but does not have any physical weight.  

So, the correct answer is option D.

The visibility in cities has reduced in comparison to villages due to the presence of

  1. Air, soil and water pollution

  2. Air and water both

  3. Air pollution

  4. Both soil and water


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Particulate matter is the small and fine solid particles present in the atmosphere. These suspended particles may be due to aerosols, dust particles, particles of carbon or other elements, etc. When the amount of these particles and the pollutants in the atmosphere are higher, there is a reduction in the intensity of the sunlight reaching this region. Due to the air pollution in the cities, there is less intensity of the light which is received compared to the villages. 

Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

Which of the following is a secondary air pollutant?

  1. Ozone

  2. Carbon dioxide

  3. Carbon monoxide

  4. Sulphur dioxide


Correct Option: A

Which of the following is not a pollutant?

  1. ${ SO } _{ 2 }$

  2. ${ CO } _{ 2 }$

  3. CO

  4. ${ NO } _{ 2 }$


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Carbon dioxide is described as pollutant or not a pollutant depending on the source of emission. The carbon dioxide which is released from the plants and animals as the end product of the respiration is not considered as a pollutant. The carbon dioxide gas which is released as the exhausts and emissions from the industries causes pollution and are referred as a pollutant. The main role of the gas is in increasing the temperature of Earth and so these are not pollutants

So, the correct answer is '${ CO } _{ 2 }$'

The pollutant that directly affects the nervous system is

  1. Organophosphates

  2. Aldrin

  3. Lindane

  4. all of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Lindane, Organophosphates and aldrin are neurotoxins that lead to seizures and convulsions along with other symptoms like vomiting, headache etc. All the three chemicals are insecticides, used on various types of crops, particularly fruits and vegetables
So, the correct answer is 'all of the above'

Industries are the chief source of _____ pollution.

  1. Air

  2. Water

  3. Soil

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Industries are the chief cases of water, soil and air pollution. All the major cities of India are situated on the banks of some river or the others. Some of the commonly produced industrial waste are boiled ash, metal scraps etc. 

All are particulate pollutants except

  1. Dust

  2. Ozone

  3. Soot

  4. Smoke


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Ozone is formed through reactions between the primary nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight. It is a gaseous pollutant. Particulate matter consists of soot, flash, dust of various types, fur, hair, spores etc. They are classified into settleable and suspended particulate matter. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Which of the following is considered a type of pollution?

  1. Noise

  2. Radiation

  3. Soil pollution

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

There are five major types of pollution
1.air pollution
2.water pollution
3.soil pollution
4.radiation
5.noise

_______ Is any such constituent which causes pollution.

  1. Radiation

  2. Pollutant

  3. Particulate

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Pollution is the addition of any such constituent to air,water or land which deteriorate the natural quity of the environment. And Pollutant is any such constituent which causes pollutant.

Air pollution can be

  1. Gaseous

  2. Particulate type

  3. Both A and B

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The air pollution is basically of two types:
1) Gaseous pollution: harmful gases given out from a variety of sources.
2) Particulate pollution: particles such as those of dust, smoke, mining, stone drilling, wearing of rubber types of motor vehicles.

Which of the following causes pollution?

  1. Radiation

  2. Pollutant

  3. Particulate

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Pollution is the addition of any such constituent to air, water or land which deteriorates the natural equality of the environment.Pollutant is any such constituent which causes pollution. It degrades the quality of the environment.

Radiation is the emission of high energy particle which may cause mutagenic changes in humans leading to several chronic diseases.
Particulate is the minute suspended particles present in the air.
So, the correct answer is option B.

Pollutants are _____

  1. Solids

  2. Liquids

  3. Gases

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Pollutant is the addition of any such constituent to air,water or land which deteriorate the natural quality of the environment.

When do we consider environment to be polluted?

  1. When the beauty of environment changes

  2. When the composition of environment changes

  3. When the level of unwanted materials in the environment crosses the permissible limit

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Environment is said to be contaminated when there is introduction of some unwanted contaminant in the natural environment. There are certain limitations to the presence of these contaminant upto to which it is considered to be safe. Increase in the level of these would be considered to be polluted.

Effect of pollution is first marked on

  1. Micro-organisms

  2. Green vegetation of an area

  3. Food crop

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
Pollution is the addition of contaminants in the natural environment. The effect of pollution is first marked on the green vegetation of an area. Being the producers of energy, green vegetation absorbs air and water; also has direct contact with the soil. Thus, if any of these gets polluted, the green vegetation is first affected which is further passed through the food chain to next trophic level.
So the correct answer is option B.

Which of following is not a cause of natural pollution ?

  1. Volcanic eryption

  2. UV radiation

  3. Forest fire

  4. Mercury


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Natural pollution comes from natural sources like release of methane by cattle and paddy fields, carbon dioxide from plants and animals, dust storms, nitrogen oxides, ozone, volcanic eruptions, emission of natural gas, sol erosion, ultraviolet rays,etc. Mercury is not a cause of natural pollution.

Which of the following statements is correct ?

  1. Primary pollutants are more harmful than secondary pollutants.

  2. Primary pollutants and secondary pollutants are equally harmful.

  3. Secondary pollutants are more harmful than primary pollutants.

  4. DDT is a secondary pollutant.


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Primary pollutants persist in the form they are released in the environment. Secondary pollutants are formed by reaction amongst the primary pollutants. Secondary pollutant are more toxic than primary pollutants. DDT is a primary pollutant.

Which one of the following environmental pollutants has the problem of biomagnifications?

  1. $SO _{2}$

  2. $NO _{3}$

  3. Hg fungicides

  4. $O _{3}$ and $CO _{2}$


Correct Option: C

A pollutant is any substance, chemical or other factor that changes 

  1. Natural geochemical cycles

  2. The natural balance of our environment

  3. The natural flora of our environment

  4. The natural wild life of our region


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The environment is our surrounding. This includes living and non-living things around us. The non-living components of the environment are land, water and air. The living components are plants and animals. All plants and animals adjust to the environment in which they are born and live. A change in any component of the environment may cause discomfort and affect normal life. Any unfavourable change or degradation in the environment is known as environmental pollution. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Find the odd one out:

  1. Plastic

  2. Paper

  3. Charcoal

  4. Water


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

In the modern world, to save resources for the next generation it is very important to reuse the goods available. Plastic, paper and water are the easiest substances that could be reused rather than dumping them out.

Carbon mono oxide is a pollutant because

  1. it reacts with $O _{2}$

  2. it inhibits glycolysis

  3. makes nervous system inactive

  4. reacts with haemoglobin


Correct Option: D

Contamination of water with mercury causes which disease ?

  1. Typhoid

  2. Minamata disease

  3. Syphilis

  4. Goiter


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The best known example of heavy metal pollution in the oceans took place when Japanese factory discharged a significant amount of mercury metal into Minamata Bay, contaminating the fish stocks there. By that time, many local people had eaten the fish and around 2000 were poisoned. Hundreds of people were left dead or disabled.

The toxic substance in ecosystem is called as ________.

  1. Pollution

  2. Pollutant

  3. Imbalance

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Introduction of an undesired component in the natural ecosystem is called as pollution. The undesired component is called as pollutant.

Read the passage and answer the following questions:
Six pairs of bald vulture were released into the wild in Germany. Four of the pairs of birds successfully nested and raised young. Two of the pairs nested near an industrial complex that released waste products (PCBs) into a nearby lake. These birds laid eggs, but the embryos failed to develop.
Which of the following is the least likely reason for the failure of the embryos to develop?

  1. Mutations in the embryos halted their development.

  2. The adult birds failed to exhibit proper nesting behavior and did not care for the eggs.

  3. The contaminated lake water that the birds consumed affected the development of their young.

  4. The sperm of the males were affected by the PCBs in such a way that they were unable to fertilize the eggs.

  5. Germany is not a good location for bald eagles to mate and reproduce.


Correct Option: E
Explanation:

The release of waste products into the nearby lake caused various problems which led to the failure of the embryo development. This can happen because of the following reasons:

  • The chemicals released from the factory caused some mutations in the embryos which led to the failure in development.
  • The birds might not have taken care of the eggs and they might have failed to exhibit proper nesting behavior.
  • The chemicals in the contaminated lake water might have affected the development of the birds.
  • The chemicals from the lake might have affected the sperms of the males and so they were unable to fertilize the eggs. Thus, the correct answer is option E.

For clean environment, which one is not essential?

  1. Producer

  2. Polluter

  3. Consumer

  4. Decomposer


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The producer is required initially for the availability of organic food. The consumer will consume the organic food prepared by the producer and will also make an equilibrium in the environment by being a part of the nutrient cycle. A decomposer will breakdown the dead organic from the dead bodies of producer and consumer. So, these are required in a functional ecosystem. The presence of polluter is undesirable as it would distort the environment, making it difficult for the biotic and abiotic components to keep their sustenance.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Polluter'.

Which of the following statements are correct ?


(I) Benzene hexachloride (BHC) is a non-biodegradable pollutant.
(ii) Anthropogenic air pollutants are natural in origin.
(iii) Carbon monoxide is a primary air pollutant.
(iv) Sulphur dioxide causes brown air effect during traffic congestion in cities.

  1. (i) and (iii)

  2. (i) and (ii)

  3. (ii) and (iii)`

  4. (ii) and (iv)


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Anthropogenic air pollutants are man-made pollutants like emissions, burning of fossil fuels, mining, etc. Sulpur dioxide is produced in large quantities during the smelting of metallic ores and the burning of petroleum and coal in industries and by motor vehicles. It is cause of acid rain

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