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Human genome project and dna fingerprinting - class-XII

Description: human genome project and dna fingerprinting
Number of Questions: 44
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Tags: molecular basis of inheritance genetic engineering genetics and evolution genetics biology mutation cell biology and biotechnology molecular genetics zoology
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Who discovered DNA fingerprinting?

  1. Alec Jeffrey

  2. Jacob Monod

  3. Herbert Boyer

  4. Stanley Cohen


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

  • DNA fingerprinting  is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, which are as unique as fingerprints. 
  • The first patent covering the modern process of DNA fingerprinting was filed by Dr. Alec Jeffrey Glassberg in 1983.
  • DNA fingerprinting  is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspect's profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime.
So, the correct answer is 'Alec Jeffrey'.

DNA fingerprinting was invented by

  1. Kary Mullis

  2. AIec Jeffery

  3. Dr. Paul Berg

  4. Francis Collins


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

DNA fingerprinting is a forensic technique which identify the individuals by their DNA characteristics. A variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) refers to presence of a short nucleotide sequence as a tandem repeat on many chromosomes; it exhibit variations in length and number of repeats between individuals. VNTR are 10-100 bp long. This DNA polymorphism is revealed during DNA finger printing in creating DNA profile of individuals. It was invented by AIec Jeffery. The first step in DNA finger printing is extraction of useable DNA followed by its digestion with restriction enzymes to produce the restriction fragments length polymorphisms, or RFLPs. The fragments are sorted according to size by gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments are then transferred from the gel to the surface of the nylon via southern blotting. For the purpose, the agarose gel is mounted on filter-paper wick and the hybridization membrane is sandwiched between the gel and any absorbent material, which draw the transfer buffer through the gel by capillary action. The buffer flow draw the DNA molecules which are then immobilized on the synthetic membrane. Finally, radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface to allow their joining to any DNA fragments of same composition.  A photographic film on top of the nylon surface to make a genetic fingerprint. 

DNA finger printing technique was discovered by 

  1. Wilmut

  2. A. Jeffreys

  3. Eithoven

  4. Kary Mullis


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

DNA finger printing is a forensic technique which identifies the individuals by their DNA characteristics. A variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) refers to the presence of a short nucleotide sequence as a tandem repeat on many chromosomes; it exhibits variations in length and number of repeats between individuals. VNTR are 10-100 bp long. This DNA polymorphism is revealed during DNA finger printing in creating DNA profile of individuals.  It was invented by AIec Jeffreys. The first step in DNA finger printing is the extraction of usable DNA followed by its digestion with restriction enzymes to produce the restriction fragments length polymorphisms or RFLPs. The fragments are then sorted according to size by gel electrophoresis. The sorted DNA fragments are then transferred from the gel to the surface of the nylon via southern blotting. For the purpose, the agarose gel is mounted on filter paper wick and the hybridization membrane is sandwiched between the gel and any absorbent material, which draw the transfer buffer through the gel by capillary action. The buffer flow draws the DNA molecules which are then immobilized on the synthetic membrane. Finally, radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface to allow their joining to any DNA fragments of same composition. A photographic film on top of the nylon surface to make a genetic fingerprint. 

Which of the following tests helps to solve crimes?

  1. Proteomics

  2. DNA fingerprinting

  3. Blood analysis

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

DNA fingerprinting is a test which is used to identify and evaluate the genetic information called as DNA in a person's cells. It is called as a "fingerprint" because it is very unlikely that any two people would have exactly the same DNA information, in the same way that it is very unlikely that any two people would have exactly the same physical fingerprint. The test is used to determine whether a family relationship exists between two people, to identify organisms causing a disease and to solve crimes. 

Which of the following scientist has developed the technique DNA fingerprinting?

  1. Watson and Crick

  2. Yamanaka

  3. Alec Jeffrey

  4. Paul Berg


Correct Option: C

Centre of DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) is located at

  1. Delhi

  2. Chennai

  3. Kolkata

  4. Hyderabad


Correct Option: D

DNA fingerprinting is done for ___________________.

  1. Crime investigation

  2. Detection of Hair colour

  3. Gender of the offspring

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

DNA profiling or fingerprinting is used in, parentage testing and criminal investigation, to identify a person or to place a person at a crime scene, techniques which are now employed globally in forensic science to facilitate police detective work and help clarify paternity and immigration disputes. Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Science connected with identification in criminal activities and law is

  1. Medical transcription

  2. Pathology

  3. Forensic science

  4. Computational biology


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Forensic science is the application of science to the law. In criminal cases, forensic scientists are often involved in the search for an examination of physical traces which might be useful for establishing or excluding an association between someone suspected of committing a crime and the scene of the crime or victim. 

So, the correct option is 'Forensic science'.

The technique used in correct identification of individuals and relations is

  1. Forensic science

  2. Human reproductive biology

  3. Microbiology

  4. DNA fingerprinting


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA. DNA is present in blood, hair, semen and various other body cells which can be used to isolate DNA for the process of DNA fingerprinting.

Also, DNA pattern shows the similarity between related especially parents and siblings. Hence, it can be used to establish relations.
So, the correct option is 'DNA fingerprinting'.

The PCR technique was invented by

  1. Karry Mullis

  2. Cohen

  3. Boyer

  4. Sanger


Correct Option: A

Best method to determine paternity is

  1. Protein analysis

  2. Chromosome counting

  3. Gene counting

  4. DNA finger printing


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

About 3% or so of the human genome has highly repetitive sequences termed as simple-sequence DNA or satellite DNA that are repeated in multiples per cell and generate tandem repeats. This DNA polymorphism is revealed during DNA finger printing in the identification of paternity since it is very remote possibility to have two individuals same repeats of satellite DNA throughout the genome except they share a biological relationship. This is because a child gets half DNA from father and half from the mother. Restriction enzymes of genome produce the restriction fragments length polymorphisms, or RFLPs depending on the location of restriction sites which are then sorted by gel electrophoresis followed by southern blotting. The blots of parental and child genome are compared for sequence homology using radioactive probes; option D is correct. 

Protein analysis studies protein structure and function using sequence comparisons, structural and functional assumptions which are useful in the detection of expression of newly introduced genes or in the detection of phylogenetic relationship; two individual do not necessarily express protein polymorphism which makes option A incorrect. 
As we know that all human have 23 pairs of chromosomes which store around 20,000-25,000 genes; chromosome counting and gene counting does not provide any polymorphism to identify paternity which makes options B and C incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Genetic counsellors can identify heterozygous individuals by

  1. Height of individuals

  2. Colour of individuals

  3. Screening procedures

  4. All of these


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Genetic counselling is about giving information and advice about the, risks of genetic diseases and their outcomes. Genetic screening is a part of genetic counselling which includes prenatal diagnosis, carrier diagnosis and predictive diagnosis.
Genetic counsellors use screening procedure, where sample of blood, hair follicle etc is processed to extract DNA, the DNA is profiled and specific areas  are identified
So, the correct answer is C 'Screening procedures'


A nutritionally wild type organism which does not require additional biochemicals is

  1. Prototroph

  2. Auxotroph

  3. Phenotype

  4. Autotroph


Correct Option: A

Which one is correctly matched?

  1. AUG, ACG Start or methionine

  2. UUA, UCA Leucine

  3. GUU-Alanine

  4. UAG, UGA-Stop


Correct Option: D

DNA finger printing is useful in

  1. Study of polymorphism

  2. Forensic chemical analysis

  3. Analysis of identity and relationship

  4. All the above


Correct Option: D

A - The DNA finger print is the same for every cell, tissue and organ of a person.
R - DNA fingerprint is used for treatment of inherited disorders like Huntigton's disease, Alzheimer's and Sickle cell anemia.

  1. A and R both are correct. R is explanation of A

  2. A and R both are correct but R is not explanation of A

  3. A is correct and R is wrong

  4. A is wrong and R is correct


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

DNA fingerprint is the unique DNA pattern of each individual. It is the same for every cell, tissue and organ of an individual. DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual on the basis of unique patterns of its DNA. It is used in the diagnosis of inherited disorders like cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Sickle cell anemia.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Which of the following is unique in every human being?

  1. Satellite DNA

  2. NOR

  3. Microsatellite DNA

  4. Mini-micro-satellite DNA


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
A mini-micro-satellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from 10–60 base pairs) are typically repeated 5-50 times. Minisatellites occur at more than 1,000 locations in the human genome and they are notable for their high mutation rate and high diversity in the population.
So, the correct answer is 'Mini-micro-satellite.'

Minisatellite sequences are repeat units with base pairs

  1. 2 - 6

  2. 6 - 30

  3. 11 - 60

  4. 21 - 100.


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

A minisatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from 10–60 base pairs) are typically repeated 5-50 times. ... Minisatellites and their shorter cousins, the microsatellites, together are classified as VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) DNA.

So, the correct answer is '11-60.'

Gene amplification requires besides sample DNA

  1. Nucleotides

  2. Nucleotides and polymerases

  3. Alternate heating and cooling

  4. Both B and C


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an amplification technique for cloning the specific or targeted parts of a DNA sequence to generate thousands to millions of copies of DNA of interest. This molecular “xeroxing” process involves heating and cooling samples in a precise thermal cycling pattern over ≈30 cycles. PCR uses a small amount of template DNA, two primers that flank the target sequence, nucleotides, and thermostable DNA polymerase to amplify a specific region of DNA.

So, the correct answer is 'Both B and C.'

In vitro repeated replication of selected DNA components is

  1. Gene amplification

  2. Gene replication

  3. Gene synthesis

  4. Pleiotropy


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Gene amplification can occur in situ, forming a so-called homogeneously staining region (HSR) in the normal chromosomal location of the gene (many copies of the gene are present as tandem repeats) or as so-called double minute chromosomes (extra chromosomal fragments of DNA containing multiple copies of the amplified gene). Gene amplification can also occur as an artifact when tumor cells are cultured in vitro.

So, the correct answer is 'Gene amplification.'

Microsatellite sequences are repeat units with base pairs

  1. 1 - 6

  2. 5 - 30

  3. 11 - 60

  4. 20 - 120


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Microsatellites are polymorphic repeating units of 1–6 base pairs in length, found in human DNA. Microsatellites can be amplified for identification by PCR and can be used as molecular markers. Microsatellite analysis (MSA) is a PCR analysis of DNA in exfoliated urine cells.

So, the correct answer is '1-6.'

Hypervariable repeats/minisatellite DNA sequences were discovered by

  1. Jeffreys et al

  2. Sharp and Roberts

  3. Parsons et al

  4. Sears and Sears


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Discovering their high level of variability, Sir Alec Jeffreys developed DNA fingerprinting based on minisatellites, solving the first immigration case by DNA in 1985, and the first forensic murder case, the Enderby murders in the United Kingdom, in 1986.

So, the correct answer is 'Jeffreys et al.'

Satellite DNA contains

  1. Repetitive DNA

  2. Segments forming sn RNA

  3. Segments forming sc RNA

  4. Both B and C.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Satellite DNA consists of arrays of tandemly repeating sequences that are widely present (>30%) in the genome. Satellite DNA is mainly present in heterochromatin or the tightly packed regions of chromosomes in centromeres, telomeres, and sometimes even in the euchromatin region (active region of the genome).

So, the correct answer is 'Repetitive DNA.'

Which is different in related species?

  1. Position of centromeres

  2. Position of NOR

  3. Satellite DNA

  4. All the above


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Satellite DNA consists of arrays of tandemly repeating sequences that are widely present (>30%) in the genome. Satellite DNA is mainly present in heterochromatin or the tightly packed regions of chromosomes in centromeres, telomeres, and sometimes even in the euchromatin region (active region of the genome).

So, the correct answer is 'Satellite DNA.'

The technique used in DNA fingerprinting is 

  1. Western blotting

  2. Northern blotting

  3. Southern blotting

  4. Flow cytometry


Correct Option: C

VNTRs are

  1. Variable number of tandem repeats

  2. Very narrow tandem repeats

  3. Variable noncistronic transposon repeats

  4. Valuable noncistronic transposic regions


Correct Option: A

For DNA finger printing, DNA is obtained from

  1. White blood corpuscles

  2. Hair root cells

  3. Body secretions

  4. All the above


Correct Option: D

In DNA finger printing, the sequences which are matched are

  1. Minisatellite DNA

  2. Moderately repetitive sequences

  3. Microsatellite DNA

  4. Satellite DNA


Correct Option: A

DNA probes used in finger printing are

  1. Highly sensitive electron microscope

  2. UV beams

  3. DNA segments having radioactive isotopes

  4. X-ray scanners


Correct Option: C

The probe used initially by Alec Jaffreys during development of DNA finger printing was

  1. Ribozyme

  2. Sex chromosomes

  3. VNTR

  4. rDNASNP


Correct Option: D

DNA finger printing is useful for study of 

  1. Forensics

  2. Polymorphism

  3. Identity and relationships

  4. All the above


Correct Option: D

Basis of DNA finger printing is

  1. Double helix

  2. Error in base sequence

  3. Polymorphism in sequence/satellite DNA

  4. DNA coiling

  5. DNA replication


Correct Option: C

Which cannot be used for DNA finger-printing in humans ?

  1. Leucocytes

  2. Erythrocytes/RBCs

  3. Hair bulbs

  4. Sperms


Correct Option: B

In DNA finger printing, analysis is made of

  1. Satellite DNA

  2. Moderately repetitive sequences

  3. Microsatellites

  4. Variable number of tandem repeats


Correct Option: D

Process used for amplication or multiplication of DNA for finger printing is

  1. Polymerase chain reaction

  2. Nesslerisation

  3. Southern blotting

  4. Northern blotting


Correct Option: A

Enzyme that catalyses union of DNA fragments is

  1. Ligase

  2. Polymerase

  3. Helicase

  4. Endonuclease

  5. Lipase


Correct Option: A

DNA finger printing can resolve

  1. Identification of a person

  2. Paternity dispute

  3. Maternity dispute

  4. All the above


Correct Option: D

The probes for DNA finger printing are

  1. Unknown single stranded labelled DNA

  2. Unknown double stranded labelled DNA

  3. Known single stranded labelled DNA

  4. Known double stranded unlabelled DNA


Correct Option: C

Select the correct sequences of steps in DNA finger printing involving Southern blot hybridisation using radiolabelled VNTR as proble
I. Hybridisation using labelled VNTR prob
II. Isolation of DNA
III. Transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes, such as nitrocellulose or nylon
IV. Detection of hybridised DNA fragments by autoradiography
V. Separation of DNA fragments by electropheresis
VI. Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases

  1. I, V, VI, II, III and IV

  2. II, VI, V, III, I and IV

  3. V, I, VI, III, IV and II

  4. II, I, V, VI, IV and III


Correct Option: B

Repeated genes are useful

  1. Against mutations

  2. Formation of pseudogenes

  3. Formation of multiple copies of a product

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Repeated DNA sequences can act as more or less discrete elements in the genome. They can vary in the number of copies of repeat units from one chromosome to the next (polymorphism). The repeat copy number can expand through a unique form of mutation process referred to as ‘dynamic mutation.’ They are useful in the formation of pseudogenes and also in making multiple copies of a product.

So, the correct answer is 'All of the above.'

The technique of DNA finger printing relies on

  1. Repetitive DNA

  2. Minisatellite DNA

  3. Both A and B

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: C

Assertion : Thermographic imaging is a unique technique.

Reason : Thermographic imaging has some relation with DNA finger printing. 

  1. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

  2. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

  3. If assertion is true but reason is false.

  4. If the assertion and reason both are false.

  5. If assertion is false but reason is true.


Correct Option: B

For DNA fingerprinting to associate a blood sample with the criminal, what is minimally required

  1. One sample of DNA, PCR amplification, restriction enzymes, and gel electrophoresis

  2. One sample of DNA, restriction enzymes, a DNA synthesizer, and gel electrophoresis

  3. Two samples of DNA, PCR amplification, restriction enzymes, and gel electrophoresis

  4. Two samples of DNA, PCR amplification, restriction enzymes, and a DNA synthesizer


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Two samples of DNA are required, one from the site of crime while another from the suspected criminal. These both samples of DNA are matched by DNA fingerprinting which involves identifying patterns of DNA known as a variable number of tandem repeats. PCR amplification is used to amplify DNA segments and restriction enzymes for cutting of DNA segments. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate these cut DNA segments based on their size. 

So, the correct option is 'Two samples of DNA, PCR amplification, restriction enzymes, and gel electrophoresis'.

Arrange the various steps of DNA fingerprinting technique in the correct order
(i) Separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis
(ii) Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases
(iii) Hybridization using labeled VNTR probe
(iv) Isolation of DNA
(v) Detection of hybridized DNA fragments by autoradiography
(vi) Transferring the separated DNA fragments to nitrocellulose membrane

  1. (ii) $\rightarrow$ (i) $\rightarrow$ (iv) $\rightarrow$ (vi) $\rightarrow$ (iii) $\rightarrow$ (v)

  2. (iv) $\rightarrow$ (i) $\rightarrow$ (ii) $\rightarrow$ (iii) $\rightarrow$ (vi) $\rightarrow$ (v)

  3. (iv) $\rightarrow$ (ii) $\rightarrow$ (i) $\rightarrow$ (vi) $\rightarrow$ (iii) $\rightarrow$ (v)

  4. (iii) $\rightarrow$ (v) $\rightarrow$ (iv) $\rightarrow$ (ii) $\rightarrow$ (i) $\rightarrow$ (vi)


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
The technique of DNA Fingerprinting was initially developed by Alec Jeffreys. It included : -
  1.  isolation of DNA,
  2.  digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases,
  3.  separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis,
  4. transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes, such as nitrocellulose or nylon, 
  5. hybridisation using labelled VNTR probe, and
  6. detection of hybridised DNA fragments by autoradiography.
So, the correct option is '(iii) → (v) → (iv) → (ii) → (i) → (vi)'.
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