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Adrenal gland - class-XII

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The secretion of aldosterone by adrenal cortex is directly controlled by

  1. Plasma $K^{+}$ concentration

  2. Plasma Ca concentration

  3. Level of blood angiotensin

  4. Both A and C


Correct Option: A

Which gland does not originate from embryonic endoderm?

  1. Thymus

  2. Parathyroid

  3. Adrenal cortex

  4. Thyroid


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The endoderm gives rise to the epithelium of the pharynx, including the eustachian tube, the tonsils, the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and thymus gland; the larynx, trachea, and lungs; the gastrointestinal tract (except mouth and anus), the urinary bladder, the vagina (in females) and the urethra. The adrenal glands develop from two separate embryological tissues; the neural crest ectoderm and the intermediate mesoderm.

Adrenal cortex also controls the carbohydrate metabolism through

  1. Adrenaline

  2. Noradrenaline

  3. Glucocorticoids

  4. Mineralocorticoids


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The adrenal cortex is located on the outer layer of the adrenal gland and makes different hormones, that help control the heart, kidneys, GI tract, bones, genitalia and immune system. 

These hormones control carbohydrate metabolism, muscular integrity, haemodynamic changes and sexual maturity. The cortex makes glucocorticoids, which are hormones, that control glucose production in the liver and protein breakdown in muscle. 

Retention of sodium in body depends upon hormone from

  1. Adrenal cortex

  2. Adrenal medulla

  3. Parathyroid

  4. Thyroid


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid) produced by the outer section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. Aldosterone promotes sodium ($Na^+$) and water retention and lowers plasma potassium ($K^+$) concentration.

Conn's disease is due to 

  1. Hyposecretion of aldosterone

  2. Hypersecretion of aldosterone

  3. Hyposecretion of STH

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Conn's syndrome is a condition associated with the development of high blood pressure and low potassium levels in the blood. In the majority of patients a small tumour is found in the adrenal cortex. Excess production of aldosterone by the tumour leads to the development of Conn's syndrome with high blood pressure and low potassium levels. In a small group of patients abnormal function of the adrenal cortex from a condition called as adrenal hyperplasia, may give rise to the Conn's syndrome.

A steroid hormone which regulates glucose metabolism is 

  1. 11-deoxycorticosterone

  2. Cortisone

  3. Cortisol

  4. Corticosterone


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Cortisol or glucocorticoid hormone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucose. Its functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis and to aid the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. 

Reabsorption of Na$^+$ is controlled by which one of the following hormones ?

  1. Aldosterone

  2. Oestrogen

  3. Glucocorticoids

  4. Testosterone


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Renal reabsorption of sodium ($Na^+$) uses Na-H antiport, sodium-glucose symport, sodium ion channels (minor). It is stimulated by angiotensin II and aldosterone, and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide.

Which of the following is incorrect about adrenal glands?

  1. It secretes hormones which maintain the correct salt balance in the blood.

  2. It secretes hormones which maintain the sugar balance in the blood

  3. It is under the control of pituitary gland

  4. It helps the body to adjust to stress.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

It does not secrets hormones which maintain the correct salt balance in the blood. It secretes hormones which helps to maintain the body's salt and water level, regulates blood pressure.

Name the hormone released during the following events$:$
A frightened person

  1. Testosterone

  2. Thyroxine

  3. Adrenaline

  4. Growth hormone


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication. Adrenaline is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, the output of the heart, pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some single cell organisms. Hence, the hormone released by a frightened person is Adrenaline.
So, the correct answer is 'Adrenaline'.

Our body retains NaCl, during the periods of excessive heat. Which of the following triggers this action?

  1. Aldosterone

  2. Progesterone

  3. ACTH

  4. Epinephrine


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

  • Body fluid volume disturbances involve an imbalance of intake and loss.
  • Aldosterone plays a central role in the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure, plasma sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) levels.
  •  It does so primarily by acting on the mineralocorticoid receptors in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron.
  •  It influences the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium of the kidney, thereby indirectly influencing water retention or loss, blood pressure and blood volume.
  •  When dysregulated, aldosterone is pathogenic and contributes to the development and progression of cardiovascular and renal disease. Aldosterone has exactly the opposite function of the atrial natriuretic hormone secreted by the heart. Hence, Our body retains NaCl, during the periods of excessive heat and aldosterone triggers this action.
So, the correct answer is 'Aldosterone'.

Adrenal gland is associated with

  1. Pharynx

  2. Pancreas

  3. Kidney

  4. Brain


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
A. Pharynx is a part of alimentary canal that connects nose and mouth to the oesophagus.
B. Pancreas is a heterocrine gland as it acts both as endocrine and exocrine gland. It secretes insulin hormone into blood and act as endocrine gland and when it secretes digestive enzymes and juice through pancreatic duct, it acts as exocrine gland.
C. Kidneys are the bean shaped paired organs present I the abdominal cavity. Each kidney has an adrenal gland on its upper region. Adrenal gland is composed of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
D. Brain is the central organ of nervous system.
Hence, adrenal glands are associated with kidneys. 
So, the correct answer is 'Kidney'.

In urinary, system, aldosterone takes part in retention (reabsorption) of

  1. $Ca^{2+}$

  2. $ K^+$

  3. $Na^+$

  4. Water


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

In urinary, system, aldosterone takes part in retention of sodium ions. The ADH released by posterior pituitary triggers the release of aldosterone which increases the concentration of sodium ions in the blood. The increased salt concentration in the blood increases the blood osmotic potential which further increases reabsorption of water and incraeses the blood volume and blood pressure.

So, the correct answer is 'Na$^+$'.

Find out the correct layers in T.S. of adrenal gland.

  1. Medulla, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis, Zona glomerulosa

  2. Zona glomerulosa, Medulla, Zona reticularis, Zona fasciculata

  3. Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis, Medulla

  4. Zona reticularis, Zona fasciculata, Zona glomerulosa, Medulla


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Adrenal glands are paired glands located at the anterior part of the kidneys. It is composed of two types of tissues, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is located at the centre and the adrenal cortex lies outside the adrenal medulla. Adrenal cortex is divided into three layers - zona reticularis (innermost layer of the adrenal cortex), zona fasciculata (middle layer of the adrenal cortex) and zona glomerulosa (outermost layer of the adrenal cortex). The correct layers in T.S of adrenal gland is zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis and medulla.
So, the correct answer is 'zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis and medulla'.

Injury to adrenal cortex is not likely to affect secretion of

  1. Andlostenedione and dehydroepian-drosterone

  2. Adrenaline

  3. Cortisol

  4. Aldosterone


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
Adrenaline is secreted from adrenal medulla in response to stress conditions in the body. Androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (form of androgens), cortisol and aldosterone are corticoid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex. They are steroid hormones that regulate water balance and electrolyte balance in the body. Adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and sexocorticoids (androgens).   
So, the correct answer is 'Adrenaline'.

Adrenal gland is derived from

  1. Endoderm

  2. Ectoderm

  3. Mesoderm

  4. Ectoderm and mesoderm


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
During embryonic stages, three germ layers are formed which give rise to various organs of foetus. The three germ layers are:
  • Outer layer ectoderm
  • Middle layer mesoderm
  • Inner layer endoderm
Adrenal gland has two parts, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
Adrenal cortex is derived from mesoderm and adrenal medulla is derived from ectoderm.
So, the correct answer is 'Ectoderm and mesoderm'.

Which of the following is the hormone secreted by zona fasciculate?

  1. Aldosterone

  2. Cortisol

  3. Androstenedione

  4. Mineralocoricoids


Correct Option: A

Hormone controlling Na$^+$ - K$^+$ ion concentration is 

  1. Aldosterone

  2. Antidiuretic hormone

  3. Progesterone

  4. Pitocin


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
A. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex. It maintains the electrolyte balance in the body by reducing the loss of sodium through urine and sweat. Hence, it controls Na⁺ - K⁺ ion concentration.
B. Anti diuretic hormone (ADH), is secreted from the posterior part of pituitary gland. This hormone increases reabsorption of water in kidneys and this results in decreased rate of urine production.
C. Progesterone is a steroid female sex hormone which is also known as pregnancy hormone. It maintains the inner lining of uterus which aids in implantation of embryo in the uterus. 
D. Pitocin is synthetic form of oxytocin. Oxytocin is secreted from the posterior pituitary and helps in the contraction of uterus during childbirth and also stimulates release of milk from mammary glands i.e. lactation.
So, the correct answer is 'Aldosterone'.

Which of the following leads to the secretion of Aldosterone from the Adrenal cortex?

  1. Chymotrypsin

  2. Trypsin

  3. Renin

  4. Rennin


Correct Option: A

The tube that passes out of the Hilus is called ___________.

  1. Medulla

  2. Pelvis

  3. Ureter

  4. Collecting duct


Correct Option: A

The fight-or-flight response is developed by the hormones of

  1. hypothalamus

  2. middle pituitary

  3. adrenal medulla

  4. adrenal cortex


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine. These are commonly called as catecholamines. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to the stress of any kind and during emergency situations and are called emergency hormones or hormones of Fight or Flight.

So the correct option is adrenal medulla.

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given.
The adrenal glands lie in contact with the back of the:

  1. kidneys

  2. pancreas

  3. thyroid

  4. hypothalamus


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Our body had one pair of adrenal glands, one at the anterior part of each kidney. The gland is composed of two types of tissues. The centrally located tissue is called the adrenal medulla and outside this lies the adrenal cortex.

So the correct answer is kidneys.

Which of the following is a mineralocorticoid?

  1. Testosterone

  2. Progesterone

  3. Adrenaline

  4. Aldosterone


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Aldosterone is a major mineralocorticoid, secreted by adrenal cortex. It regulates mineral metabolism and controls the sodium and potassium ratio in the extracellular and intracellular fluid. Therefore, it is called salt-retaining hormone.

Reabsorption of $Na^+$ is controlled by which one of the following hormones?

  1. Aldosterone

  2. Estrogen

  3. Glucocorticoids

  4. Testosterone


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Aldosterone(secreted by adrenal medulla) acts mainly on the renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of $Na^+$ and water and excretion of $K^+$ and phosphate ions.

Glucocorticoid hormones are secreted by the:

  1. adrenal medulla

  2. islets of Langerhans

  3. parafollicular cells

  4. adrenal cortex


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

(a) The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called adrenaline and noradrenaline.

(b) The pancreas is a composite glans which acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland. The endocrine pancreas consists of Islets of Langerhans. 
(c) Parafollicular cells are neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid which primary function is to secrete calcitonin.
(d) The adrenal cortex secretes many hormones called as corticoids. The corticoids which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called glucocorticoids. 
So the correct option is adrenal cortex.

Which of the following hormones is not proteinaceous is nature?

  1. TSH

  2. Aldosterone

  3. LH

  4. FSH


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone and has three cyclohexyl rings and one cyclopentyl ring joined into a single structure. TSH, FSH and LH are peptide hormones and have long amino acid chains. Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

Zona fasciculata secretes

  1. Aldosterone

  2. Cortisol

  3. Thyroxine

  4. Adrenaline


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Adrenal gland just lies above the kidney. It is divided into two regions outer cortex and inner medulla. Cortex region secret the steroid hormone. Inner medulla region is divided into three regions zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata and zona reticularis. Each zone is responsible for secreting specific hormone.

 Name of the hormone Organ 
 Aldosterone  Secreted by zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex)
 Cortisol Secreted by zona fasiculata (adrenal cortex)
 Thyroxine  Secreted by the thyroid gland
 Adrenaline  Secreted by the adrenal medulla

So, the correct answer is ' Cortisol '

Which of the following induces goose flesh?

  1. Adrenal Cortex

  2. Adrenal medulla

  3. Pituitary

  4. Thyroxine


Correct Option: B

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response in humans. One neurotransmitter involved in this response is epinephrine. This excitatory molecule increases blood glucose by signaling the conversion of pyruvate into glucose.
Identify a potential target receptor cell of epinephrine in the fight-or-flight response.

  1. Liver cells.

  2. Cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

  3. There is a specific target cell since epinephrine will work on all cells in the body and only cause a response in cells with intracellular receptors.

  4. Lung cells.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Liver cells contain glucose stored in the form of glycogen (glucagon enzyme), which is converted to glucose and released in the blood stream to provide muscle cells and brain with the required energy to respond to the stimulus instantaneously during a fight-or -flight response.

So, epinephrine should have receptors sites on liver cells or adipose cells which store energy molecules
So, the correct answer is 'Liver cells'

Aldosterone hormone is a 

  1. Steroid

  2. Protein

  3. Amino acid derivative

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The hormone like cortisol and aldosterone are secreted from the adrenal cortex. It is an example of steroid hormone. It regulates the salt and water balance in body.

Which one of the following hormones also produces anti-inflammatory reactions in man and suppresses the immune response in addition to its primary functions?

  1. Thyrocalcitonin

  2. Cortisol

  3. Erythropoietin

  4. Thymosin


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Cortisol has a powerful anti-inflammatory action, even when secreted at normal levels. It acts quickly to remove and prevent redness and swelling of nearly all tissues. Cortisol also reduces the rate at which lymphocytes multiply and accelerates their programmed cell death to further protect the body from this overreaction. In fact, when cortisol is elevated during the alarm reaction stage, there is almost a complete disappearance of lymphocytes from the blood. That is why the immune system is suppressed when the body is under stress or taking corticosteroids. 

So, the correct answer is B.

Significant cause of 'adrenal virilism ' is :

  1. Hyposecretion of adreno-cortical androgens

  2. Hypersecretion of adreno-medullary androgens

  3. Hyposecretion of adreno-medullary androgens

  4. Hypersecretion of adreno-cortical androgens


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Adrenal virilism is a syndrome in which there is excess production of adrenal androgens. It is also called as adrenogenital syndrome. In this, there is hypersecretion of adrenocortical androgens. This is caused due to tumor of adrenal gland, called as adrenocortical carcinoma. It may also results from hyperplasia.

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The main mineralocorticoid in human is

  1. aldosterone

  2. cortisol

  3. testosterone

  4. adrenaline


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Mineralocorticoids: These hormones are secreted by the outer region of the adrenal cortex. They regulate mineral metabolism.

A. Aldosterone: The major mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, commonly called salt-retaining hormone. It tends to increase the reabsorption of sodium from urine, saliva, bile and sweat to reduce its loss from the body.
B. Cortisol: It is a glucocorticoid.
C. Testosterone: It is a sexcorticoids.
So, the correct answer is 'Aldosterone'.

Which of the following option is correct for the secretion of the adrenal cortex?
(i)   Mineralocorticoids are secreted by Zona Fasciulata.
(ii)  Zona Glomerulosa regulates the balance of water and Na$^{+2}$.
(iii) Sex corticoids are secreted by both Zona Fasciculata and Zona Reticularis.
(iv) Zona Glomerulosa regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.

  1. (ii), (iii)

  2. (i), (iv)

  3. (ii), (iv)

  4. (i), (iii), (iv)


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Glucocorticoids are secreted by Zona fasciculata. Mineralocorticoids are secreted by the Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.Zona glomerulosa is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex. The hormone regulates electrolyte balance. It regulates the balance of water and Na$^{+2}$ ions. Zona reticularis secretes androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione. 

Thus, the correct answer is '(ii), (iii).'

In urinary system, aldosterone takes part in retention (reabsorption) of 

  1. $K^{+}$

  2. $Na^{+}$

  3. Water

  4. both (b) and (c)


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Aldosterone is the principle mineralocorticoid. It increases sodium (Na$^{+}$) and water resorption by the kidney in exchange for potassium or hydrogen. 

So, the correct option is 'both (b) and (c)'.

Where are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules located within the human body ? 

  1. Adrenal cortex

  2. Adrenal medulla

  3. Renal cortex

  4. Renal medulla


Correct Option: C

The cork cambium, cork and secondary cortex are collectively?

  1. Phellem

  2. Phellodem

  3. Periblem

  4. Periderm


Correct Option: A

RAAS secrete which of the following hormone

  1. Mineralocorticoids

  2. Glucocorticoids

  3. Both 1 and 2

  4. None of these


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

RAAS stands for rennin- angiotensin- aldosterone system. It is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. When blood pressure is low, the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney release renin, which convert the angiotensinogen into angiotensin I after that it changes into angiotensin Ii. Angiotensin II (mineralocorticoids)is a vasoconstrictor that increases the blood pressure. Aldosterone is released by the adrenal gland. It is a mineral corticoid. It increases the absorption from distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of kidney's nephrons.

So, the correct answer is ' Mineralocorticoids'.

The endocrine gland present on the kidney is ..............

  1. Pituitary gland

  2. Thyroid gland

  3. Adrenal gland

  4. Pancreatic glands


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The endocrine gland present on the kidney is the Adrenal gland. The adrenal gland produces various type of hormones like adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and the cortisol. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla.

So the correct answer is "Adrenal gland".

Concentration of sodium and chloride ions is lowest

  1. Near the cortex

  2. Deep in medulla

  3. In interstitial fluid

  4. In middle of Henle's loop


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Osmolarity in the cortex region of the kidney is the lowest. Hence, the concentration of sodium and chloride ions is the lowest in the region near cortex.

So, the correct option is 'Near the cortex'.

Cortisol is a 

  1. Mineralocorticoid

  2. Glucocorticoid

  3. Catecholamines

  4. Thymosins


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Our body has one pair of adrenal glands, one at the anterior part of each kidney. The gland is composed of two types of tissues. The centrally located tissue is called the adrenal medulla, and outside this lies the adrenal cortex.
The adrenal cortex can be divided into three layers, called zona reticularis (inner layer), zona fasciculata (middle layer) and zona glomerulosa (outer layer). The adrenal cortex secretes many hormones, commonly called as corticoids. 
 The corticoids, which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called glucocorticoids. In our body, cortisol is the main glucocorticoid.

So, the correct option is 'Glucocorticoid'. 

Injury to adrenal cortex is not likely to affect the secretion of which one of the following?

  1. Aldosterone

  2. Both androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone

  3. Adrenaline

  4. Cortisol


Correct Option: A

Besides corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) which other hormone also stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ? 

  1. Glucagon

  2. Insulin

  3. Aldosterone

  4. Epinephrine


Correct Option: B
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