C
Rest all are derivatives of carboxylic acids.And directly by the hydrolysis of amines carboxylic acids cannot be formed.

Option A, B and D can be derived from $CH _3 COOH$ while option C, i.e., $HCOOH$ cannot be derived from $CH _3COOH$ as $HCOOH$ has one carbon less than $CH _3COOH$.

Amides and Acid chlorides are organic Functional group and functional derivative of carboxylic acid. Amide has general formula $\displaystyle  R - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - NH _2  $. Carboxylic acid has general formula $\displaystyle  R - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - OH  $. An example of amide is acetamide $\displaystyle  CH _3 - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - NH _2   $. An example of carboxylic acid is acetic acid $\displaystyle  CH _3 - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - OH  $. Acid chloride has general formula $\displaystyle  R - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - Cl  $.  An example of acid chloride is acetyl chloride $\displaystyle  CH _3 - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - Cl  $. 

As the molecular weight increases the boiling point of carboxylic acid increases. Lower aliphatic carboxylic acids (upto 9 C atoms) are liquids, the higher members are wax like solids.

Ester is the main functional derivative of carboxylic acid. Ester has general formula $\displaystyle  R - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - OR'  $. Carboxylic acid has general formula $\displaystyle  R - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - OH  $. An example of ester is ethyl acetate $\displaystyle  CH _3 - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - O-CH _2-CH _3  $. An example of carboxylic acid is acetic acid $\displaystyle  CH _3 - \underset {   \underset {\displaystyle O}{||}  }{C} - OH  $

Acyl halide is $R-CO-X$
Hence option A is correct.

An acid hydride is a compound that has two acyl groups $(CH _{3}COO)$ bonded to the same oxygen atom

The given statement is True.
Acyl halide and acid halide are same groups. They represent the function group
  $\displaystyle R- \underset {\displaystyle  \underset {\displaystyle \text {O }}{||} }{C}-X$  where X is halogen atom (F, Cl, Br or I). They are derived from carboxylic acids (  $\displaystyle R- \underset {\displaystyle  \underset {\displaystyle \text {O }}{||} }{C}-OH$ ) by replacing a hydroxyl group (-OH) with a halide group.
An example is acetyl chloride  $\displaystyle CH _3- \underset {\displaystyle  \underset {\displaystyle \text {O }}{||} }{C}-Cl$
Another example is benzoyl chloride $\displaystyle Ph- \underset {\displaystyle  \underset {\displaystyle \text {O }}{||} }{C}-Cl$