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Biotechnology and its Applications

Description: This test will help the learningaspirants to prepare themselves for their exams in a much better way.
Number of Questions: 15
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Tags: Recombinant DNA Its Application in Health, Agriculture and Industry Biotechnology and Its Applications DNA Technology: Applications in Health, Agriculture and Industry Applications of Biotechnology in Medicine
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Which of the following statements does not characterise the organisms containing recombinant DNA?

  1. Western hybridisation methods can be used to detect RNA and/or protein products.

  2. The organisms containing recombinant DNA have apparently normal phenotypes.

  3. Additional phenotypes that are encountered include toxicity to the host organism.

  4. Recombinant DNA can have beneficial effects even if it is not expressed.

  5. Inappropriate activation of previously unexpressed host cell genes can insert rDNA into chromosomal DNA.

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

In some cases, recombinant DNA can have deleterious effects even if it is not expressed. 

Which among the following mechanisms of transcription can interact between RNA polymerase and a particular promoter?

  1. Silencers

  2. Enhancers

  3. General transcription factors

  4. Activators

  5. Specificity factors

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Enhancers are sites on the DNA helix that are bound to by activators in order to loop the DNA bringing a specific promoter to the initiation complex. Enhancers are much more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes.

The process of transcription can be detected by different ways. The absolute abundance of total or nuclear RNA levels is measured by _____________________.

  1. RNase protection assay

  2. RNA-Seq

  3. DNA microarrays

  4. RT-PCR

  5. Nuclear Run-on assay

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

RT-PCR measures the absolute abundance of total or nuclear RNA levels, which may however differ from transcription rates.

Genetic engineering is the process of transferring specific genes from the chromosome of one organism and transplanting them into the chromosome of another organism. Which among the following statements concerning the process of genetic engineering is false?

  1. The desired DNA is cleaved from the donating chromosome by the action of restriction enzymes.

  2. The desired DNA fragment is inserted into a vector, usually a viral particle, for transfer to the receiving chromosome.

  3. When the host cell reproduces, the vectors inside also reproduce.

  4. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate the remaining genes by movement on an electric grid.

  5. Radioactive probes are added in the gel electrophoresis which attract and bind with the desired DNA to produce visible bands.

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The desired DNA fragment is inserted into a vector, usually a plasmid, for transfer to the receiving chromosome. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that bond with the desired DNA fragment with the help of the joining enzyme, DNA ligase, to create the resulting recombinant DNA.

Which of the following sequencing methods is a non-enzymatic method of DNA sequencing?

  1. Microscopy-based techniques

  2. Sequencing by hybridization

  3. Tunneling currents DNA sequencing

  4. RNAP sequencing

  5. Microfluidic Sanger sequencing

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Sequencing by hybridization is a non-enzymatic method that uses a DNA microarray. A single pool of DNA whose sequence is to be determined, is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an array containing known sequences. Strong hybridization signals from a given spot on the array identify its sequence in the DNA being sequenced.

In eukaryotes during gene expression, there are several methods to look at the various stages. Which one among the following does not characterises a gene expression in eukaryotes?

  1. Protein levels can be analysed by mass spectrometry.

  2. RNA degradation rates are measured by means of transcription inhibitors.

  3. Epistatic interactions can be investigated by splicing array.

  4. The local chromatin environment of the region can be determined by ChIP-chip analysis.

  5. Due to post-transcriptional regulation, transcription rates and total RNA levels differ significantly.

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Alternative splicing can be analysed with a splicing array or with a tiling array. Epistatic interactions can be investigated by synthetic genetic array analysis.

Which among the following microarrays is used to detect polymorphisms within a population?

  1. Fusion genes microarray

  2. Tiling array

  3. SNP array

  4. DamID

  5. Gene expression profiling

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

SNP array is a type of DNA microarray which is used to detect polymorphisms within a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a variation at a single site in DNA, is the most frequent type of variation in the genome.

Which among the following does not characterises the process of DNA microarray?

  1. A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.

  2. Probe-target hybridization is usually detected and quantified by detection of fluorophore, platinum, or chemiluminescence-labeled targets.

  3. DNA microarray experiment can accomplish many genetic tests in parallel.

  4. DNA microarrays can be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms.

  5. DNA microarrays involves the hybridization between two DNA strands.

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Probe-target hybridization is usually detected and quantified by detection of fluorophore, silver, or chemiluminescence-labeled targets to determine relative abundance of nucleic acid sequences in the target.

Which of the following statements can be excluded from the characteristics of microsatellites?

  1. Microsatellites can be amplified for identification by the polymerase chain reaction process.

  2. Random microsatellite primers can be developed by cloning random segments of DNA from the focal species.

  3. Almost 50% of the human genome is contained in various types of transposable elements.

  4. Microsatellites within introns also influence genotype.

  5. Length changes of microsatellites within promoters and other cis-regulatory regions can also change gene expression among the generations.

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Microsatellites within introns also influence phenotype. For example, a GAA triplet expansion in the first intron of the X25 gene appears to interfere with transcription, and causes Friedreich Ataxia (Bidichandani 1998).

Satellite DNA consists of highly repetitive DNA with very high frequency of adenine & thymine. Which among the following statements does not characterizes satellite DNA?

  1. Satellite DNA are located on 1, 9, 16 & Y chromosomes.

  2. Satellite DNA does not have spacer sequences.

  3. Satellite DNA are organized as minute clusters of base pairs in the heterochromatic region of chromosomes.

  4. Satellite DNA shows exceptional variability among individuals.

  5. Satellite DNA are of lower density.

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Satellite DNA are organized as large clusters upto 100 million base pairs in the heterochromatic region of chromosomes near centromeres & telomeres, these are also found abundantly on Y chromosomes.

Which of the following statements regarding the noncoding DNA is false?

  1. The amount of noncoding DNA varies greatly among species.

  2. Acts as a genetic switch.

  3. Controls the flow of transcription.

  4. Prevents frameshift mutation.

  5. The noncoding regions are under poor evolutionary pressure and negative selection.

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Many noncoding DNA sequences have important biological functions as indicated by comparative genomics studies that report some regions of noncoding DNA that are highly conserved, sometimes on time-scales representing hundreds of millions of years, implying that these noncoding regions are under strong evolutionary pressure and positive selection. 

Which of the following is invariably associated with myelogenous leukemia in human beings?

  1. Robertsonian translocation

  2. Simple translocation

  3. Reciprocal translocation

  4. Whole-arm translocation

  5. Inversion

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

If a chromosome segment gets inserted in interstitial position of a non-homologous chromosome, it is known as shift translocation. In humans, it is invariably associated with myelogenous leukemia.

Below are some ways through which DNA molecule can be analyzed. In which of these methods, the agarose gel electrophoresis is associated?

  1. DNA transformation

  2. Microarrays

  3. Restriction Enzyme Digestion and Analysis

  4. Polymerase chain reaction

  5. DNA sequencing

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Restriction enzymes are made up of proteins. The main purpose of restriction enzymes is to make new copies of DNA and analyze it. Agarose gel electrophoresis is the main technique which makes use of the restriction enzymes. When the solution containing DNA molecules and restriction enzymes is placed in the gel, an electric current is passed through it which cuts the DNA into fine small fragments.  

Which among the following methods of DNA sequencing is used to read millions of immobilized DNA sequences in parallel inside human genome?

  1. Shotgun sequencing

  2. Bridge PCR

  3. Polony sequencing

  4. DNA nanoball sequencing

  5. SMRT sequencing

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Polony sequencing is an inexpensive but highly accurate multiplex sequencing technique that can be used to read millions of immobilized DNA sequences in parallel.

Which of the following gene expressions is/are responsive to environmental change?

  1. Hox genes

  2. A housekeeping gene

  3. A constitutive gene

  4. An inducible gene

  5. A facultative gene

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

An inducible gene is a gene whose expression is either responsive to environmental change or dependent on the position in the cell cycle.

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