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Logical Reasoning - Argumentation (Difficult)

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Directions: In the following question, a part of the sentence is left blank. You are to choose from the five options given below, the one which best fills the blank.

I am an entertainer; __________, I have to keep smiling because in my heart laughter and sorrow has an affinity.

  1. even if I have tears in me

  2. even though I am depressed inside

  3. while entertaining people

  4. in the entertainment business

  5. today, tomorrow and always


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The second sentence elaborates a contrast. A similar contrast is available in (1).

Directions: In the following question an incomplete statement is provided. You have to select the option which most logically completes the idea in the question statement.

The creation of a totally egalitarian society through reservation and reverse discrimination is

  1. an inherently perfect notion

  2. a conflict that can never be resolved

  3. inherently unattainable

  4. susceptible to forces of push and pull

  5. equivalent to opening of a Pandora's box


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Egalitarianism and discrimination are contradictions in terms. Hence, (2) logically completes the sentence.

Directions: In the following question an incomplete statement is provided. You have to select the option which most logically completes the idea in the question statement.

Entrepreneurs are never satisfied with the status quo; they are intent on shaping the future, rather than being shaped by it. As one Chief Executive once said

  1. �the future is the sum total of actions in the present and past�

  2. �if you are not alert, before you realize it the future is on you�

  3. �I do not want our competitors making decisions for us�

  4. �it is a sound business policy to anticipate change than being swamped by it�

  5. �let me not be dictated by what you want; let me do my own bidding�


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Option (3) reflects the same idea as in the given sentence.

Directions: In the following question, a part of the sentence is left blank. You are to choose from the five options given below, the one which best fills the blank.

When we call others dogmatic, what we really object to is ____________.

  1. their giving the dog a bad name.

  2. their holding dogmas that are different from our own.

  3. the extremism that goes along with it.

  4. the subversion of whatever they actually believe in concomitantly.

  5. their disagreement with our point of view.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

This explains why we object when people hold other opinions/dogmas. Hence, this is the most appropriate answer choice.

Directions: In the following question an incomplete statement is provided. You have to select the option which most logically completes the idea in the question statement.

These relatively cooler spots you see on the Sun's disk are

  1. like an oasis in the desert

  2. the cradle of origin of life

  3. not entirely so cozy

  4. in fact extremely hot

  5. gaseous nonetheless


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

See that the way word cooler has been presented in the line and it has also been given relative to the temperature on the sun's surface, which, therefore, appropriates (4) as the answer to this question.

Directions: In the following question an incomplete statement is provided. You have to select the option which most logically completes the idea in the question statement.

Presence of mind coupled with a reasonably good academic foundation should help you

  1. steer clear of unscrupulous business interests

  2. stay ahead in the rat-race of life as we see it

  3. clear the rigorous personal interview sessions

  4. notice the subtle differences between life and death

  5. stay focused during the ups and downs of life


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

There is no need for a person to have good academic foundation to help notice difference between life and death or stay ahead in life, which thereby help us discard (2) and (4) options. Similarly, (1) can be discharged. Though one needs to be academically proficient to understand business interests, it is not a necessary condition. (3) is correct because presence of mind is very important and good academic record helps in gaining the upper hand in an interview.

Directions: In the following question an incomplete statement is provided. You have to select the option which most logically completes the idea in the question statement.

Particularly today, when so many difficult and complex problems face the human species, the development of broad

  1. and powerful shoulders is necessary

  2. plans of action are not possible

  3. moral values are required

  4. and powerful thinking is desperately needed

  5. consensus is the need of the hour


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

From the given sentence, we can sense that 'broad' is one of the criteria required; therefore options (1) and (4) can be the probable answer. To face the complexities of our life, we need powerful thinking and not shoulders. Hence, option (4) is the correct answer choice.

Directions: In the following question an incomplete statement is provided. You have to select the option which most logically completes the idea in the question statement.

The last thing that the extravagant billionaire would care for

  1. is the bank balance he loses through charity

  2. might be the real estate prices of the land he owns

  3. is his car's average petrol consumption

  4. is the share-price fluctuations

  5. is the deleterious effect his generosity might have on his own health


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The blank has to be filled by a phrase that may seem trivial for the 'extravagant billionaire'. (3) is the most coherent answer.

Directions: In the following question an incomplete statement is provided. You have to select the option which most logically completes the idea in the question statement.

To be an iconoclastic giant like Galileo, you need not only the perspicacious mind working like a steel trap but also the

  1. financial resource to back you up

  2. inner strength to prove worthy of society's expectations

  3. family support and wife's encouraging remarks

  4. courage to oppose established beliefs

  5. inherent strength to work through the maize


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The keyword 'iconoclastic' refers to a person who attacks and seeks to destroy widely accepted ideas, beliefs, etc. As the connector to be used is 'but', only in option (4) do we find suitable ending to the given sentence.

Directions: In the following question an incomplete statement is provided. You have to select the option which most logically completes the idea in the question statement.

The role of an intellectual in the modern society goes far beyond

  1. the limits set by esoteric notions and theories

  2. the hot discussion in cozy drawing rooms

  3. the frontiers of human development and growth

  4. the era of political and social responsibilities

  5. the musings on artistic and cultural diversities


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The role has to go beyond a mere intellectual talk. Hence, (2) logically completes the sentence.

Directions: In the following question an incomplete statement is provided. You have to select the option which most logically completes the idea in the question statement.

The success stories of people like Gulshan Kumar, while creating an optimistic picture, also

  1. lead people to believe that success is a byword for hard work

  2. create a social stratification deleterious to the health of India

  3. make one feel the importance of probity in public life

  4. revitalise the spirits of youth of India

  5. hide the sad stories of thousands who burn their fingers in optimistic business ventures


Correct Option: E
Explanation:

'While' has to provide a contrast. 'Optimistic picture' being positive, ought to be followed by something negative. The only logical answer is (5).

Directions: In the following question, a part of the sentence is left blank. You are to choose from the five options given below, the one which best fills the blank.

Political power is just as permanent as today's newspaper. Ten years down the line, _______ who the most powerful man in any state was today.

  1. who cares

  2. nobody will remember what was written in today's newspaper or

  3. few will know, or care about

  4. when a lot of water will have passed under the bridge, who will care

  5. it would hardly matter


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The blank has to be filled in by a phrase in future tense. This eliminates (1) and (5). The comparison is between a newspaper and a political power. The sentence ought to include a reference to a newspaper, apart from a political power.

Directions: Identify the error in the sentence below. The error is one of the five types given in five choices. Mark the correct type of mistake.

My term paper was late because I had to go to the Department of Motor Vehicle to get my driver's license renewed.

  1. Lacks logical strength

  2. Is incomplete

  3. Is not informative

  4. Is self-contradictory

  5. Lacks simplicity


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The explanation offered seems to be silly. The explanation seeks to establish a cause and effect relationship between two occurrences, where there may be none.

Directions: Identify the error in the sentence below. The error is one of the five types given in five choices. Mark the correct type of mistake.

Clinton was able to win the 1996 election because a greater percentage of women voted for him than for Dole.

  1. Lacks logical strength

  2. Is incomplete

  3. Is not informative

  4. Is self-contradictory

  5. Lacks simplicity


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The explanation appears simple and logical. But in order to be convincing it must also tell that not too many more men voted for Dole than for Clinton. Hence, the statement is incomplete and the option is the correct answer choice.

Directions: In the question below a statement is given followed by two assumptions numbered I and II. You have to consider the statement and the assumption given and decide which of the choices about implicitness of assumption is true.

The product 'X' that you have asked for is not with us but can be made available against firm order from you. Implications: I. The product 'X' is not in great demand. II. The product 'X' is out of stock as new model is coming up.

  1. If only assumption I is implicit

  2. If only assumption II is implicit

  3. If neither I nor II is implicit

  4. If both the assumptions are implicit

  5. If either one, but not both, is implicit


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

 I is clearly implicit because the supplier asks for a firm order; II cannot be inferred for there is no mention of new model. Hence it cannot be the correct answer choice.

Directions: The given passage is followed by several inferences which can be drawn from the facts stated in the passage. You have to examine each inference separately in the context of the passage and decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.

Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy and an aero generator can convert it into electricity. Though not much has been done in this field, the survey shows that there is vast potential for developing wind as an alternative source of energy. Inferences: I. Energy by wind is comparatively newly emerging field. II. The energy crisis can be dealt by exploring more in the field of aero generation.

  1. If only inference I follows

  2. If only inference II follows

  3. If neither inference I nor II follows

  4. If both the inferences follow

  5. If either one, but not both, follows


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The assertion: “Though not much has been done in this field” leads us to inference I. But 'vast potential' does not necessarily mean that this can solve the energy crisis.

Directions: The given passage is followed by several inferences which can be drawn from the facts stated in the passage. You have to examine each inference separately in the context of the passage and decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.

In film and videotape, it is possible to induce the viewers to project their feelings onto the characters on the screen. In one study, when a camera shot of a baby in a crib was shown, the audience thought the woman's face was registering happiness. Inferences: I. The expression on the woman's face was, in actuality blank. II. A camera shot of a baby in a crib provoked feelings of happiness to the audience.

  1. If only inference I follows

  2. If only inference II follows

  3. If neither inference I nor II follows

  4. If both the inferences follow

  5. If either one, but not both, follows


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The audience is projecting their own feelings onto the characters in the picture. Unless feelings of the audience are of happiness, they can't project happiness onto the woman's face. Hence, I can be inferred.

Directions: In the question below a statement is given followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then consider the two conclusions together and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the information given in the statement.

The City Medical College has started a cell which will conduct counselling workshops in the field of stress management to patients and general public. Conclusions: I. The hospital has the needed resources to start such activity. II. Patients and general public feel a need to have such cell in the hospital.

  1. Neither of the conclusions follows.

  2. Only conclusion II follows.

  3. Either conclusion I or II follows.

  4. Both the conclusions follow.

  5. Only conclusion I follows.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The argument has not mentioned lack of resources. But the hospital may have outsourced the resources in the hope of generating them on a regular basis at a later date. Hence, the conclusion cannot be derived.

Directions: In the question below a statement is given followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to assume everything in the statement to be true, then consider the two conclusions together and decide which of them logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the information given in the statement.

The commissioner of police has appealed to people not to put up banners which obstruct pedestrian or motor traffic. Conclusions: I. Some of the people may respond and will not put up such banners. II. Policemen will have to keep a watchful eye on the new banners which are being put up on the roads.

  1. Only conclusion I follows.

  2. Only conclusion II follows.

  3. Either conclusion I or II follows.

  4. Both the conclusions follow.

  5. Neither of the conclusions follows.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The appeal seeks a voluntary action. II implies an element of coercion. When an authority makes an appeal, at least a few people are likely to heed.

Directions: In the following question, a statement is followed by two assumptions I and II. You are to consider each statement and assumption(s) that follow, and decide which of the assumption(s) is/are implicit in the statement. Give answer (1) if only I is implicit; (2) if only II is implicit; (3) if both I and II are implicit; (4) if neither I nor II is implicit; (5) if either I alone or II alone is implicit.

Statement: Education and social changes are complementary, and lead to a steady loss of tradition on people's mind. Assumptions: I. There is a direct relationship between education and social change and decline of tradition on people's mind. II. Traditions can make priceless contribution to society.

  1. (1)

  2. (2)

  3. (3)

  4. (4)

  5. (5)


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

 Indeed the statement depicts a direct relation between the two. Increase in 1 leads to decline in the other.

Directions: In the following question, a statement is followed by two assumptions I and II. You are to consider each statement and assumption(s) that follow, and decide which of the assumption(s) is/are implicit in the statement. Give answer (1) if only I is implicit; (2) if only II is implicit; (3) if both I and II are implicit; (4) if neither I nor II is implicit; (5) if either I alone or II alone is implicit. Statement: A few people demanded one-man-one-post in the case of the minister, for strengthening the party and for efficient administration. Assumptions: I. No human being can be efficient in two spheres. II. A person attending to only administration or party work will be able to do much.

  1. (1)

  2. (2)

  3. (3)

  4. (4)

  5. (5)


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

 'For strengthening the party and for efficient administration' is the clue. Hence, (2) is correct.

Directions: In the following question, a statement is followed by two assumptions I and II. You are to consider each statement and assumption(s) that follow, and decide which of the assumption(s) is/are implicit in the statement. Give answer (1) if only I is implicit; (2) if only II is implicit; (3) if both I and II are implicit; (4) if neither I nor II is implicit; (5) if either I alone or II alone is implicit.

Statement: If water pollution continues at its present rate, it will eventually make oxygen molecules unavailable to water plants. Assumptions: I. Water pollution affects the growth of water plants. II. Water pollution reduces the availability of oxygen in water.

  1. (1)

  2. (2)

  3. (3)

  4. (4)

  5. (5)


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

 Both I and II cannot be implicit because I is out of the scope of argument we don't know whether availability of oxygen is conducive or deleterious to growth of plants. Only II is implicit because of the word UNAVAILABLE.

Directions: In the following question, a statement is followed by two assumptions I and II. You are to consider each statement and assumption(s) that follow, and decide which of the assumption(s) is/are implicit in the statement. Give answer (1) if only I is implicit; (2) if only II is implicit; (3) if both I and II are implicit; (4) if neither I nor II is implicit; (5) if either I alone or II alone is implicit.

Statement: War begins in the minds of men, and it is in the minds of men that defense against war has to be built. Assumptions: I. Individuals are responsible for waging war. II. Wars rise because people's thinking is not on the right lines.

  1. (1)

  2. (2)

  3. (3)

  4. (4)

  5. (5)


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

 I and II both can be implicit in the given case. War beginning in the minds and not thinking on the right lines is the key phrase to reach the correct answer choice.

Directions: In the following question, a statement is followed by two assumptions I and II. You are to consider each statement and assumption(s) that follow, and decide which of the assumption(s) is/are implicit in the statement. Give answer (1) if only I is implicit; (2) if only II is implicit; (3) if both I and II are implicit; (4) if neither I nor II is implicit; (5) if either I alone or II alone is implicit.

Statement: The Railway authorities have decided to increase the freight charges by 10 per cent, in view of the possibility of incurring losses in the current financial year. Assumptions: I. The volume of freight during the remaining period may remain the same. II. The amount so obtained may set off a part or total of the estimated deficit

  1. (1)

  2. (2)

  3. (3)

  4. (4)

  5. (5)


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

 Only if the a part or whole of the amount can be set off , is the measure worthy. Hence, II can be implicit and (2) is the correct answer choice.

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