Directions: From the alternatives, choose the one which correctly classifies the four sentences as a

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgement: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. From the statement of the Finance Minister, it seems that the Central government may introduce a separate market regulator to check the growing inflation.
2. With interest rates escalating over the past months, small firms are finding it difficult to cut cost inputs.
3. The consumer index has increased substantially and the Central government is under obligation to raise the DA slab of the Central employees.
4. The inflationary pressure experienced over the past few months and the accompanying increase in volatility in the stock market is likely to dampen the spirit of the domestic and foreign investors.

Directions: From the alternatives, choose the one which correctly classifies the four sentences as a

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgement: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. Global production of wheat is declining every year and grim days for India are imminent as there are more mouths to feed.
2. The potential problem is that even if Australia and USA remain favourable and the harvest is good, these two exporters may not have enough to hawk in the world market.
3. According to the latest USDA estimates, world production of wheat has dropped from 629 million tonnes in 2004-05 to 593 million of tonnes in 2006-07.
4. The escalation of food-grain prices is likely to create problems for the farmers who thrive on animal farming.

Directions: From the alternatives, choose the one which correctly classifies the four sentences as a

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgement: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. Caste-based vote bank politics in India is striking at the very roots of Indian democracy and in the elections of Punjab and UP, caste politics might aggravate violence.
2. The Supreme Court, in its interim order, has stayed the 27% reservation for OBCs in educational institutions to the chagrin of the ruling UPA government.
3. Industry Chamber FICCI has welcomed the SC Judgement indicating the need for further debate on the reservation issue.
4. In its interim order, the honourable Supreme Court held that the government has no detailed data on OBCs other than that of the 1931 census, which put OBCs at 52% of the population.

Directions: From the alternatives, choose the one which correctly classifies the four sentences as a

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgement: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. The gruesome episode of Nandigram has compelled the Central government to review its SEZ policy and to scrap the ceiling; the states have been directed to buy land from the farmers at the floor rate.
2. In specifying the floor rate, the state government will be a mere facilitator in the land acquisition process.
3. Over the years, corporates and industrialists have been paying low rates for the land that commands greater market value and this has resulted into the Nandigram catastrophe.
4. Floor rate in the eastern region is just Rs. 5 lakh per acre, whereas it is Rs. 20 lakh is Haryana.

Directions: The question below a set of four statements is given, followed by five answer options to categorize these statements as facts, inferences, and judgments. Consider the statements and decide which of the choices out of the four given is true.

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgment: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. In the fourth budget speech of Mr. P Chidambram, there was almost nothing for industry, except for the lowering of peak rate of customs duty, and a hike in dividends distribution tax.
2. The logic of the Finance Minster must have been that since both industry and stock markets had been on the path of growth, there was no need to concede more sops to them.
3. The Sensex reacted sharply and it plummeted 540 points on the budget day.
4. The Finance Minister stated that the farm sector had grown by a mere 2.3% compared to the desired level of 4% in the 10^th plan, and found wisdom in Nehru's comment that "everything else can wait, but not agriculture"

Directions: In the question below, a set of four statements is given, followed by some answer options to categorize these statements as facts, inferences and judgments. Consider the statements and decide which of the given choices is true.

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgment: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. The Union Budget has proposed Means-cum-Merit Scholarship Scheme to check the growing drop out rate of children in the schools situated in rural and tribal areas.
2. The pro-poor philosophy was evident in the budget as the Finance Minister proposed hike in divided distribution tax, and imposed fringe benefit tax on the salaried people.
3. Inflationary pressure compelled the Finance Minister to reduce the peak rate of custom duty to match the lower Asian levels though the dual excise duty structure on cement worried the Finance Minister.
4. The logic behind the duty cut was explained as the Finance Minister said, "I have put these revenues to good use to promote growth, equity and social justice."

Directions: The question below a set of four statements is given, followed by five answer options to categorize these statements as facts, inferences, and judgments. Consider the statements and decide which of the choices out of the four given is true.

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgment: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. The Director of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences opines that in India the socio-economic profile shows dismal picture, as the majority of volunteers are poor, illiterate, and prone to exploitation by the drug makers.
2. In the last ten years, the pharma industry has grown in size but the regulatory staff of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) remains the same; a team of only 10 professionals to monitor the drug abuse.
3. There is no publicly accessible national data available in the country to check the drug abuse and often medical devices are not notified by the drug makers.
4. Violations under the Drugs Abuse Act are a punishable offence but the drug makers are aware of the loopholes of the Drugs Act and they often go unpunished.

Directions: From the alternatives, choose the one which correctly classifies the four sentences as a

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgement: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. The Commerce Ministry constituted many expert committees to find an alternative to the duty entitlement passbook scheme (DEPB), but no workable replacement for the scheme was suggested.
2. The DEPB scheme is designed by the Commerce Ministry to reimburse basic and special customs duty paid by an exporter on imported goods.
3. The DEPB scheme is full of anomalies as there is a plethora of taxes existing at the state level and the Central government may not have the authority to reimburse state taxes.
4. Hooda committee has recommended extending the DEPB scheme by three years, but this is no tangible solution.
   

Directions: In the question below, a set of four statements is given, followed by some answer options to categorize these statements as facts, inferences and judgments. Consider the statements and decide which of the choices is true.

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgment: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. Land reforms in West Bengal have proved very effective in the growth of agrarian economy.
2. Operation Barga deals with the redistribution of land to 1.5 million landless tenants.
3. The dalits and the adivasis have benefitted from this scheme. 1.1 million acres of land was distributed among landless and marginal families of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
4. These agrarian reforms have boosted the growth of production of food grain, rice and potato.

Directions: In the question below, a set of four statements is given, followed by some answer options to categorize these statements as facts, inferences and judgments. Consider the statements and decide which of the choices is true.

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgment: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. Moody's Investors' Service, in its latest analysis of the country's budget 2007, pointed out the profound dilemmas of poverty and lack of inclusion though the economic growth rate is unprecedented.
2. Moody's may not be out of place in believing that in providing higher allocations to education, health and infrastructure, the thrust of the fiscal planners is to achieve 'shining India'‌ feeling.
   
3. The reduction of indirect taxes and excise duties is not an effective anti-dote to the inflationary pressures and rising prices are a serious jolt to the growing economy.
4. The 2007-08 Budget confirms the helplessness of the policy makers who admit that higher interest rates and increasing market volatility may dampen the spirit of the investors.

Directions: From the alternatives, choose the one which correctly classifies the four sentences as a

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgement: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. The pharma companies in India often conduct controversial clinical trials exploiting the ignorant and illiterate volunteers.
   
2. Minster of State for Health Panbaka Lakshmi raised this issue in the Parliament ordering an inquiry against 'Shreen Cancer Institute of Tamil Nadu'
3. Full length debate followed in the Parliament and the Union Cabinet constituted a Central drug authority to check and monitor the illegal clinical trials by the drug makers.
4. There have been many instances of drugs being tested without consent. It is maintained by the Enquiry Proceedings that Sun Pharma's Letrozole was illegally tried on 400 women.

Directions: In the question below, a set of four statements is given, followed by some answer options to categorize these statements as facts, inferences and judgments. Consider the statements and decide which of the choices is true.

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgment: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. The midnight air raid by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam targetting Sri Lanka Air Force poses a new challenge in the fight against terrorism as it exposes the defence preparedness of Colombo when it is engaged in an intensive campaign against the guerilla strike capabilities of the LTTE.
2. It is ludicrous to affirm that the two LTTE bomber planes could not be traced by the poor radar system. The Sri Lankan Defence Secretary must be sacked for dereliction of duty, but no one has so far owned the security breach.
3. General Ban Ki-Moon, UN Secretary General, regretted the air raids, military confrontations, and suicide bombings prompting massive displacement of civilians, and believed that only a negotiated settlement between the government and the LTTE is the solution.
4. Human rights violations are a daily occurrence in Sri Lanka. Civil Society is cowed and silenced by abductions and disappearances going on unchecked, the population suffering death and starvation.

Directions: An argument is a statement meant to convince another person about your point of view. An assertion is a point of view. A counter argument contains logic opposed to your assertion. Based on these definitions you are required to classify the five sentences in the question below as: (A) concluding assertion
(B) supporting reason (C) statement irrelevant to argument (D) counter argument

(i) No visible or dramatic changes in the company are expected this year. (ii) The company's chairman has always been a publicity-shy individual who acts quietly and slowly. (iii) Unless visible or dramatic changes are made, the problems facing the company may worsen. (iv) In the past, the company has always taken a bold action which it has needed most. (v) The company is expecting a favorable turn of events.

Directions: The question below shows a set of four statements, followed by some answer options to categorize these statements as facts, inferences and judgments. Consider the statements and decide which of the choices is true.

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgment: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation represents 25 percent of the world population. Important features of SAARC include its biodiversity, its large population coverage, and its cultural heritage.
2. But the people of SAARC countries are still poor and backward; the per capita income is low; unemployment and terrorism have created tensions in the region; quality education; and healthcare are not available to all.
3. Since one billion citizens of SAARC countries live in villages, rural life can be improved only by providing better physical connectivity, electronic and knowledge connectivity, land reforms and agrarian reforms.
4. India should extend the programme called 'Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas' (PURA) to other remote and backward states to lift them from the quagmire of poverty, unemployment and dogmatism.

Directions: An argument is a statement meant to convince another person about your point of view. An assertion is a point of view. A counter argument contains logic opposed to your assertion. Based on these definitions you are required to classify the five sentences in the question below as: (A) concluding assertion
(B) supporting reason (C) statement irrelevant to argument (D) counter argument

(i) Still, he has certainly identified the main questions. (ii) The reader is irked by the author's continual refusal to answer the main question. (iii) The book deals with an age-old problem (iv) ''Nations vs. States''‌ is not a great book, not even a very good one. (v) It never could figure among the best sellers.

Directions: An argument is a statement meant to convince another person about your point of view. An assertion is a point of view. A counter argument contains logic opposed to your assertion. Based on these definitions you are required to classify the five sentences in the question below as: (A) concluding assertion
(B) supporting reason (C) statement irrelevant to argument (D) counter argument

(i) The most important asset in business is a sense of humour. (ii) If you can laugh at an absurd situation you can go a long way in diffusing business tensions. (iii) A sense of humour creates one of the most favorable long term impressions. (iv) There are very few absolutes in business. (v) That does not mean you make your rivals the butt of your jokes.

Directions: The question below shows a set of four statements, followed by some answer options to categorize these statements as facts, inferences and judgments. Consider the statements and decide which of the choices is true.

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgment: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. Mr. Krishna Menon, a popular minister of Nehru's era, remained a mystery to the historians and the journalists; he was dubbed as an 'intriguer' as his letters were intercepted, and his phone was subjected to checks.
2. Mr. Menon was a frequent visitor to the offices of the Communist Party in London, had connections with the communist leaders like Harry Pollit and Ted Bramley. But he was not a communist and Mr. Nehru knew his psychological flaws; controversial financial dealings; leftist associations; and a succession of love affairs.
3. After Independence, M15, the British Security Agency, discovered that Mr. Menon continued employment of several communists in the Indian High Commission. The M15 found that some workers were passing the secret information to the Communist Party but his pro-communist stance was not confirmed.
4. The M15 complained to Mr. Nehru. But Nehru's relationship with Mr. Menon was a political compulsion.

Directions: The question below shows a set of four statements, followed by some answer options to categorize these statements as facts, inferences and judgments. Consider the statements and decide which of the choices is true.

F: Fact: If it relates to a known matter of direct observation, or an existing reality or something known to be true. J: Judgment: If it is an opinion or estimate or anticipation of common sense or intention. I: Inference: If it is a logical conclusion or deduction about something, based on the knowledge of facts.

1. Cubism was a new movement in art that revolutionized European painting and sculpture. Its emergence in France led to new movements in music and literature.
2. George Braque developed Cubic art with Pablo Picasso, and his paintings 'Violence and Candlestick' and 'Women with a Guitar' give abstract reality. Objects look broken up, as the artist depicts the subject from multi-dimensional perspective.
3. Cubic art originated in the works of Paul Cezanne who treated the forms of nature as if they were cones, spheres and cylinders.
4. The Cubists were experimenters. They disintegrated the subject and depicted a new vision of reality in broken form. The evolution of Czech Cubism has to be understood in this perspective.

Directions: An argument is a statement meant to convince another person about your point of view. An assertion is a point of view. A counter argument contains logic opposed to your assertion. Based on these definitions you are required to classify the five sentences in the question below as: (A) concluding assertion
(B) supporting reason (C) statement irrelevant to argument (D) counter argument

(i) A body expected to crack down on cartels is being pulled apart even before its birth. (ii) The government claims that 'cartels' are the real cause behind inflation. (iii) Industry, NGO's and regulators oppose provisions mooted by the government. (iv) In a bid to get started, the government is reviewing and diluting new competition laws.

Directions: An argument is a statement meant to convince another person about your point of view. An assertion is a point of view. A counter argument contains logic opposed to your assertion. Based on these definitions you are required to classify the five sentences in the question below as: (A) concluding assertion
(B) supporting reason (C) statement irrelevant to argument (D) counter argument

(i) You don't want to let him back into the match. (ii) But even in sports, you don't want to humiliate your opponent. (iii) In tennis, if you have your opponent on the ropes you had better put him away. (iv) In most sports being sensitive to your opponent isn't a big issue. (v) You cannot contravene the rules of the game.