Many types of organisms have some genes that move from one chromosomal location to another, a phenomenon discovered in corn by Barbara McClintock. These 'Jumping genes' are also known as transposable elements.

Kaposi's sarcoma is multiple area of cell proliferation initially in the skin and eventually in other body sites. These lesions may eventually become sarcomatous. It is felt to be related to the immunocompromised state that accompanies AIDS.

Traits molded by one or more genes plus the environment are multifactorial traits. Multifactorial traits in humans include schizophrenia, homosexuality, and intelligence.

Thermogenin present in the mitochondria of brown adipose (fat) cells form an alternate channel for protons, disrupting the formation of the proton gradient and uncoupling proton passage from ATP formation. The energy that normally would synthesize ATP is instead released as heat—the needs of hibernating animals. Rerouting ATP formation to release heat is called thermogenesis.

The residents of deep-sea hydrothermal vents obtain energy from inorganic chemicals surrounding them. Bacteria, for example, extract energy from the chemical bonds of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) and then add the freed hydrogens to carbon dioxide to synthesize organic nutrient compounds. Organisms like these, which use inorganic chemicals to manufacture nutrient molecules, are called chemoautotrophs.

The monosaccharides glucose and galactose enter intestinal mucosa cells by active transport, whereas fructose enters by facilitated diffusion.

The epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa manufacture and secrete disaccharidases and peptidases. These enzymes are not released into the lumen of intestine but remain closely associated with the microvilli of the epithelial cells.

Endometrium is a delicate connective tissue sheath that surrounds nerve fibres with a fasciculus. Endometrium is also called Henle's sheath.

Progesterone is a steroid hormones secreted by the corpus luteum and placenta. Synthetic progesterone is used in therapy and oral contraceptives

Human insulin is prepared by a synthetic process involving the use of recombinant DNA technology utilizing strains of Escherichia coli.

Initiation of heart beat may be by extrinsic nerves (neurogenic) as in many adult arthropods, or by an internal pacemaker (myogenic) as in vertebrates.

Dextrin is polysaccharide formed as intermediate product in the hydrolysis of starch (e.g., to maltose by amylases)

Apocrine glands are located primarily in the armpit and near the genitalia and anus.

Rotifera is a phylum of microscopic aquatic invertebrates, the wheel animalcules-widely distributed usually in fresh water.

Reflex acquired is conditioned reflex. It is attained by training in which the cerebral cortex is an essential part of the neural mechanism. Thus conditioned is not inborn or inherited.