The placenta is an organ that connects the developing foetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, provides thermo-regulation to the foetus, waste elimination and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. It also fights against internal infection and produces hormones to support pregnancy.

Lactic acid is present in sweat along with water, NaCl, urea, amino acids and glucose.

Presence of human chorionic villi gonadotropin (hCG) in urine shows pregnancy.

Lungs remove about 18 litres of CO₂ and 400 ml of water per hour in normal resting condition.

Gout is caused due to the excess of uric acid in the blood of a person.

They have a very long loop of Henle for conservation of more water, which is their basic need.

It is a kidney related disorder where due to infection or injury in the basement membrane, there is inflammation of glomerulus. It progressively leads to renal failure or death.

Loop of Henle is covered by a U-shaped staircase of network of blood capillaries arising from efferent glomerular arteriole.

Proximal convoluted tubule is the part of proximal nephron in which maximum reabsorption occurs.

Renette cells are H- shaped excretory organs present in roundworms.

It is the amount of water excreted daily by a human through urine.

Dog shark or Scoliodon has special urea absorbing segment in the uriniferous tubules.

Aldosterone plays an important role in osmoregulatory function of kidneys by increasing Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^- reabsorption from filtrate.

Krebs and Heinslet discovered the ornithine cycle.

The efferent arterioles take the blood away from the kidney.

JGA or Juxtaglomerular Apparatus is responsible for the release of renin.

ADH or antidiuretic hormone is responsible for controlling the absorption of water in the DCT.

In uremia, artificial kidney is used for removing accumulated waste products by the process called haemodialysis.

It is the presence of acetone or ketone bodies in urine.

It is the less toxic nitrogenous waste found in humans and is formed by the help of ornithine cycle.