The power which a senior scientist exercises on his junior comrade is due to

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – II

The young scientist in India is an endangered species. The threat comes from the predatory habits of a more evolved species that is the senior scientist.

An Indian university teacher in a letter to the international science journal Nature wrote plaintively. Thesis supervisors take undue credit for the work of their protégés. A young scientist needs the goodwill and support of the scientist-in-power at every step: for completion and continuation of his work, for participation in national and international meetings and research projects, for recognition and reward and for promotion. This support is available but at a price. The price often is the sharing of credit. A worthwhile research paper or a project originating from a humble scientist would often end up with the scientist-in-power as the principal author or investigator.

The power of the senior scientist over his junior stems from the fact that science is the only profession in the world which is self-assessing. Unlike in the bureaucracy or the military where the top authority vests with non- professionals, a scientist's work can be overseen and evaluated only by fellow scientists.

Fortunately for the scientists, support for science is a badge of honour for nations aspiring to modernity. That is why the government which normally would not pay the piper unless it can call the tune, happily makes an exception in the case of science. A government would set up and fund a scientific laboratory and in a spirit of self-negation recede into the background after giving the scientists the keys to the till.

It is noteworthy that science and society operate on different principles. Society values continuity, stability and security, and turns to the past for guidance and support. Science, on the other hand, aspires to instability. It aims at creating something that did not exist before. It seeks a break with the past with an eye on the future. Any modern institution of governance must incorporate a network of checks and balances. In bureaucratic administration, these checks and balances are converted into obstacles and dead-ends, and stability is obtained through stagnancy. As a reaction to it, with a view to giving science establishments dynamism, administrative checks and balances are almost entirely dispensed with, and scientists given a free hand.

It is an irony that in today's world, feudalism can be sustained only in the administration of a modern scientific research centre. One must, however, not be unfair to the feudal lords of yesteryears whose conduct had the sanction of the times. Neo-feudalism is pernicious because it is anachronistic; it can be sustained only by a subversion of the system in the hands of the people who are entrusted with the task of upholding it.

If we define professionalism as the realisation that an institution ranks higher than an individual and that the collective goal is more important than individual ego, it must be admitted that we are an unprofessional people. It is wrong in principle to give any individual a larger- than-the-institution image. This philosophy becomes all the more debilitating, because recently there has been an alarming decline in the quality of leadership in science as in other walks of life. Under these circumstances, if a chief executive is to be projected as the master of an institution rather than its servant, this can be done only by degrading the institution. If a scientific laboratory or an institute is seen as an extension of a personality, it cannot develop any tradition which can be a source of inspiration to new entrants. It is no coincidence that in India as well as abroad, the most prestigious scientific institutes and departments are those where the name of the institution is more important than that of the individuals heading or controlling it.

According to the definition of professionalism given by the author

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – II

The young scientist in India is an endangered species. The threat comes from the predatory habits of a more evolved species that is the senior scientist.

An Indian university teacher in a letter to the international science journal Nature wrote plaintively. Thesis supervisors take undue credit for the work of their protégés. A young scientist needs the goodwill and support of the scientist-in-power at every step: for completion and continuation of his work, for participation in national and international meetings and research projects, for recognition and reward and for promotion. This support is available but at a price. The price often is the sharing of credit. A worthwhile research paper or a project originating from a humble scientist would often end up with the scientist-in-power as the principal author or investigator.

The power of the senior scientist over his junior stems from the fact that science is the only profession in the world which is self-assessing. Unlike in the bureaucracy or the military where the top authority vests with non- professionals, a scientist's work can be overseen and evaluated only by fellow scientists.

Fortunately for the scientists, support for science is a badge of honour for nations aspiring to modernity. That is why the government which normally would not pay the piper unless it can call the tune, happily makes an exception in the case of science. A government would set up and fund a scientific laboratory and in a spirit of self-negation recede into the background after giving the scientists the keys to the till.

It is noteworthy that science and society operate on different principles. Society values continuity, stability and security, and turns to the past for guidance and support. Science, on the other hand, aspires to instability. It aims at creating something that did not exist before. It seeks a break with the past with an eye on the future. Any modern institution of governance must incorporate a network of checks and balances. In bureaucratic administration, these checks and balances are converted into obstacles and dead-ends, and stability is obtained through stagnancy. As a reaction to it, with a view to giving science establishments dynamism, administrative checks and balances are almost entirely dispensed with, and scientists given a free hand.

It is an irony that in today's world, feudalism can be sustained only in the administration of a modern scientific research centre. One must, however, not be unfair to the feudal lords of yesteryears whose conduct had the sanction of the times. Neo-feudalism is pernicious because it is anachronistic; it can be sustained only by a subversion of the system in the hands of the people who are entrusted with the task of upholding it.

If we define professionalism as the realisation that an institution ranks higher than an individual and that the collective goal is more important than individual ego, it must be admitted that we are an unprofessional people. It is wrong in principle to give any individual a larger- than-the-institution image. This philosophy becomes all the more debilitating, because recently there has been an alarming decline in the quality of leadership in science as in other walks of life. Under these circumstances, if a chief executive is to be projected as the master of an institution rather than its servant, this can be done only by degrading the institution. If a scientific laboratory or an institute is seen as an extension of a personality, it cannot develop any tradition which can be a source of inspiration to new entrants. It is no coincidence that in India as well as abroad, the most prestigious scientific institutes and departments are those where the name of the institution is more important than that of the individuals heading or controlling it.

What is the primary purpose of the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – III

Given the burgeoning Oil Pool Account deficits, the Government had its task cut out: it had to grapple with the sensitive oil prices issue without further delay. There was no alternative to finding a system that insulates (to an extent) consumers without causing undue hardship to the fiscal. The new arrangement can only be a halfway house, to be refined over time. The eventual goal must be to evolve a system that balances the often conflicting interests of all the stakeholders in this critical sector. Of special importance is the functioning of the public sector oil companies that have been saddled with the twin tasks of taking on global competition and meeting social commitments within India. In the era of supposedly decontrolled prices, they were asked to subsidise two products of mass consumption — LPG and kerosene. It is politically clear that the arrangement will continue into the foreseeable future. What is more, the new arrangement itself calls attention to the fact that managerial autonomy for the oil companies remains a distant goal. In the recent past, they bore the brunt of high oil prices without being able to pass it on to consumers. That along with the burden of cross–subsidies on LPG and kerosene has eroded their profitability. For now, at any rate, there does not seem to be a better method of cushioning the impact of global oil prices.

The author of the passage would agree with which of the all of the following?

1. it was primarily because of the burgeoning deficit in the oil pool account that the existing system could not be sustained.
2. the only alternative the government had was to find a system to insulate consumers from the price fluctuations without doing much harm to the economy.
3. the 'Administered Price Mechanisms' was never a mechanism with truly decontrolled prices.
4. the oil companies faced the brunt of high oil prices by passing these on to the customers.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – III

Given the burgeoning Oil Pool Account deficits, the Government had its task cut out: it had to grapple with the sensitive oil prices issue without further delay. There was no alternative to finding a system that insulates (to an extent) consumers without causing undue hardship to the fiscal. The new arrangement can only be a halfway house, to be refined over time. The eventual goal must be to evolve a system that balances the often conflicting interests of all the stakeholders in this critical sector. Of special importance is the functioning of the public sector oil companies that have been saddled with the twin tasks of taking on global competition and meeting social commitments within India. In the era of supposedly decontrolled prices, they were asked to subsidise two products of mass consumption — LPG and kerosene. It is politically clear that the arrangement will continue into the foreseeable future. What is more, the new arrangement itself calls attention to the fact that managerial autonomy for the oil companies remains a distant goal. In the recent past, they bore the brunt of high oil prices without being able to pass it on to consumers. That along with the burden of cross–subsidies on LPG and kerosene has eroded their profitability. For now, at any rate, there does not seem to be a better method of cushioning the impact of global oil prices.

Which of the following cannot be inferred about the new mechanisms from the passage?

1. The new mechanism strikes a fine balance between conflicting interests of various stakeholders in the oil sector.
2. The new arrangement provides the much sought after managerial autonomy to the oil companies.
3. The new arrangement is not the perfect solution and therefore will have to be modified in the offing.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – III

Given the burgeoning Oil Pool Account deficits, the Government had its task cut out: it had to grapple with the sensitive oil prices issue without further delay. There was no alternative to finding a system that insulates (to an extent) consumers without causing undue hardship to the fiscal. The new arrangement can only be a halfway house, to be refined over time. The eventual goal must be to evolve a system that balances the often conflicting interests of all the stakeholders in this critical sector. Of special importance is the functioning of the public sector oil companies that have been saddled with the twin tasks of taking on global competition and meeting social commitments within India. In the era of supposedly decontrolled prices, they were asked to subsidise two products of mass consumption — LPG and kerosene. It is politically clear that the arrangement will continue into the foreseeable future. What is more, the new arrangement itself calls attention to the fact that managerial autonomy for the oil companies remains a distant goal. In the recent past, they bore the brunt of high oil prices without being able to pass it on to consumers. That along with the burden of cross–subsidies on LPG and kerosene has eroded their profitability. For now, at any rate, there does not seem to be a better method of cushioning the impact of global oil prices.

An appropriate title for the passage would be

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – II

The young scientist in India is an endangered species. The threat comes from the predatory habits of a more evolved species that is the senior scientist.

An Indian university teacher in a letter to the international science journal Nature wrote plaintively. Thesis supervisors take undue credit for the work of their protégés. A young scientist needs the goodwill and support of the scientist-in-power at every step: for completion and continuation of his work, for participation in national and international meetings and research projects, for recognition and reward and for promotion. This support is available but at a price. The price often is the sharing of credit. A worthwhile research paper or a project originating from a humble scientist would often end up with the scientist-in-power as the principal author or investigator.

The power of the senior scientist over his junior stems from the fact that science is the only profession in the world which is self-assessing. Unlike in the bureaucracy or the military where the top authority vests with non- professionals, a scientist's work can be overseen and evaluated only by fellow scientists.

Fortunately for the scientists, support for science is a badge of honour for nations aspiring to modernity. That is why the government which normally would not pay the piper unless it can call the tune, happily makes an exception in the case of science. A government would set up and fund a scientific laboratory and in a spirit of self-negation recede into the background after giving the scientists the keys to the till.

It is noteworthy that science and society operate on different principles. Society values continuity, stability and security, and turns to the past for guidance and support. Science, on the other hand, aspires to instability. It aims at creating something that did not exist before. It seeks a break with the past with an eye on the future. Any modern institution of governance must incorporate a network of checks and balances. In bureaucratic administration, these checks and balances are converted into obstacles and dead-ends, and stability is obtained through stagnancy. As a reaction to it, with a view to giving science establishments dynamism, administrative checks and balances are almost entirely dispensed with, and scientists given a free hand.

It is an irony that in today's world, feudalism can be sustained only in the administration of a modern scientific research centre. One must, however, not be unfair to the feudal lords of yesteryears whose conduct had the sanction of the times. Neo-feudalism is pernicious because it is anachronistic; it can be sustained only by a subversion of the system in the hands of the people who are entrusted with the task of upholding it.

If we define professionalism as the realisation that an institution ranks higher than an individual and that the collective goal is more important than individual ego, it must be admitted that we are an unprofessional people. It is wrong in principle to give any individual a larger- than-the-institution image. This philosophy becomes all the more debilitating, because recently there has been an alarming decline in the quality of leadership in science as in other walks of life. Under these circumstances, if a chief executive is to be projected as the master of an institution rather than its servant, this can be done only by degrading the institution. If a scientific laboratory or an institute is seen as an extension of a personality, it cannot develop any tradition which can be a source of inspiration to new entrants. It is no coincidence that in India as well as abroad, the most prestigious scientific institutes and departments are those where the name of the institution is more important than that of the individuals heading or controlling it.

The government makes an exception in the case of science because

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – II

The young scientist in India is an endangered species. The threat comes from the predatory habits of a more evolved species that is the senior scientist.

An Indian university teacher in a letter to the international science journal Nature wrote plaintively. Thesis supervisors take undue credit for the work of their protégés. A young scientist needs the goodwill and support of the scientist-in-power at every step: for completion and continuation of his work, for participation in national and international meetings and research projects, for recognition and reward and for promotion. This support is available but at a price. The price often is the sharing of credit. A worthwhile research paper or a project originating from a humble scientist would often end up with the scientist-in-power as the principal author or investigator.

The power of the senior scientist over his junior stems from the fact that science is the only profession in the world which is self-assessing. Unlike in the bureaucracy or the military where the top authority vests with non- professionals, a scientist's work can be overseen and evaluated only by fellow scientists.

Fortunately for the scientists, support for science is a badge of honour for nations aspiring to modernity. That is why the government which normally would not pay the piper unless it can call the tune, happily makes an exception in the case of science. A government would set up and fund a scientific laboratory and in a spirit of self-negation recede into the background after giving the scientists the keys to the till.

It is noteworthy that science and society operate on different principles. Society values continuity, stability and security, and turns to the past for guidance and support. Science, on the other hand, aspires to instability. It aims at creating something that did not exist before. It seeks a break with the past with an eye on the future. Any modern institution of governance must incorporate a network of checks and balances. In bureaucratic administration, these checks and balances are converted into obstacles and dead-ends, and stability is obtained through stagnancy. As a reaction to it, with a view to giving science establishments dynamism, administrative checks and balances are almost entirely dispensed with, and scientists given a free hand.

It is an irony that in today's world, feudalism can be sustained only in the administration of a modern scientific research centre. One must, however, not be unfair to the feudal lords of yesteryears whose conduct had the sanction of the times. Neo-feudalism is pernicious because it is anachronistic; it can be sustained only by a subversion of the system in the hands of the people who are entrusted with the task of upholding it.

If we define professionalism as the realisation that an institution ranks higher than an individual and that the collective goal is more important than individual ego, it must be admitted that we are an unprofessional people. It is wrong in principle to give any individual a larger- than-the-institution image. This philosophy becomes all the more debilitating, because recently there has been an alarming decline in the quality of leadership in science as in other walks of life. Under these circumstances, if a chief executive is to be projected as the master of an institution rather than its servant, this can be done only by degrading the institution. If a scientific laboratory or an institute is seen as an extension of a personality, it cannot develop any tradition which can be a source of inspiration to new entrants. It is no coincidence that in India as well as abroad, the most prestigious scientific institutes and departments are those where the name of the institution is more important than that of the individuals heading or controlling it.

The fundamental flaw with the Indian scientific system is that

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – II

The young scientist in India is an endangered species. The threat comes from the predatory habits of a more evolved species that is the senior scientist.

An Indian university teacher in a letter to the international science journal Nature wrote plaintively. Thesis supervisors take undue credit for the work of their protégés. A young scientist needs the goodwill and support of the scientist-in-power at every step: for completion and continuation of his work, for participation in national and international meetings and research projects, for recognition and reward and for promotion. This support is available but at a price. The price often is the sharing of credit. A worthwhile research paper or a project originating from a humble scientist would often end up with the scientist-in-power as the principal author or investigator.

The power of the senior scientist over his junior stems from the fact that science is the only profession in the world which is self-assessing. Unlike in the bureaucracy or the military where the top authority vests with non- professionals, a scientist's work can be overseen and evaluated only by fellow scientists.

Fortunately for the scientists, support for science is a badge of honour for nations aspiring to modernity. That is why the government which normally would not pay the piper unless it can call the tune, happily makes an exception in the case of science. A government would set up and fund a scientific laboratory and in a spirit of self-negation recede into the background after giving the scientists the keys to the till.

It is noteworthy that science and society operate on different principles. Society values continuity, stability and security, and turns to the past for guidance and support. Science, on the other hand, aspires to instability. It aims at creating something that did not exist before. It seeks a break with the past with an eye on the future. Any modern institution of governance must incorporate a network of checks and balances. In bureaucratic administration, these checks and balances are converted into obstacles and dead-ends, and stability is obtained through stagnancy. As a reaction to it, with a view to giving science establishments dynamism, administrative checks and balances are almost entirely dispensed with, and scientists given a free hand.

It is an irony that in today's world, feudalism can be sustained only in the administration of a modern scientific research centre. One must, however, not be unfair to the feudal lords of yesteryears whose conduct had the sanction of the times. Neo-feudalism is pernicious because it is anachronistic; it can be sustained only by a subversion of the system in the hands of the people who are entrusted with the task of upholding it.

If we define professionalism as the realisation that an institution ranks higher than an individual and that the collective goal is more important than individual ego, it must be admitted that we are an unprofessional people. It is wrong in principle to give any individual a larger- than-the-institution image. This philosophy becomes all the more debilitating, because recently there has been an alarming decline in the quality of leadership in science as in other walks of life. Under these circumstances, if a chief executive is to be projected as the master of an institution rather than its servant, this can be done only by degrading the institution. If a scientific laboratory or an institute is seen as an extension of a personality, it cannot develop any tradition which can be a source of inspiration to new entrants. It is no coincidence that in India as well as abroad, the most prestigious scientific institutes and departments are those where the name of the institution is more important than that of the individuals heading or controlling it.

The author is most likely to disagree with the statement that

1. the common people were always extremely interested in governance
2. the agricultural workers have no “off season” as such
3. the caste divide exacerbated the sufferings of the poor and the deprived

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.

PASSAGE – I

The Voice had to be listened to not only on account of its form but the matter for which it delivered. It gave a message to the country that it needed greatly. It brought to the common people a realization of their duty to concern themselves with their affairs. The common people were made to take an interest in the manner in which they were governed, in the taxes they paid, in the return they got from those taxes. This interest in public affairs – politics as you may call it – was to be the concern no longer of the highly educated few but of the many – the poor, the property-less, the working men in town and country. Politics was not to be the concern of a small aristocracy of intellectuals. And with the change in the subjects of politics that Voice brought about also a change in the objects of politics. Till then politics had busied itself mainly with the machinery of Government – towards making its personnel more and more native, with proposals for a better distribution of political power, with protests against the sins of omission and of commission of the administration. This Voice switched politics on to concern for the needs of the common people. The improvement of the lot of the poor was to be the main concern of politics and the politician. The improvement, especially of the lives of the people of the neglected villages, was to be placed before Governments and political organizations as the goal of all political endeavour. The raising of the standard of living of the people of the villages, the finding of subsidiary occupations which would give the agricultural poor work for their enforced leisure during the off season and in addition to their exiguous income, the improvement of housing of the poor, the sanitation of the villages – these were to be the objectives to be kept in view. In the towns the slums were to receive special attention. There was especially a class of the poor for which that compassionate Voice pleaded and protested. This was for the so-called depressed class, the outcastes of Hindu society. The denial of elementary human rights to this class of people it considered the greatest blot on Hindu society and history. It raised itself in passionate protest against the age-old wrongs of this class and forced those that listened to it to endeavour to remove the most outrageous of them like untouchability. It caused a revolution in Hindu religious practice by having Hindu temples thrown open to these people. It made the care of them a religious duty of the Hindus by re-naming them Harijans.

It can be deduced from the passage that the aim of the voice was

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.

PASSAGE – I

The Voice had to be listened to not only on account of its form but the matter for which it delivered. It gave a message to the country that it needed greatly. It brought to the common people a realization of their duty to concern themselves with their affairs. The common people were made to take an interest in the manner in which they were governed, in the taxes they paid, in the return they got from those taxes. This interest in public affairs – politics as you may call it – was to be the concern no longer of the highly educated few but of the many – the poor, the property-less, the working men in town and country. Politics was not to be the concern of a small aristocracy of intellectuals. And with the change in the subjects of politics that Voice brought about also a change in the objects of politics. Till then politics had busied itself mainly with the machinery of Government – towards making its personnel more and more native, with proposals for a better distribution of political power, with protests against the sins of omission and of commission of the administration. This Voice switched politics on to concern for the needs of the common people. The improvement of the lot of the poor was to be the main concern of politics and the politician. The improvement, especially of the lives of the people of the neglected villages, was to be placed before Governments and political organizations as the goal of all political endeavour. The raising of the standard of living of the people of the villages, the finding of subsidiary occupations which would give the agricultural poor work for their enforced leisure during the off season and in addition to their exiguous income, the improvement of housing of the poor, the sanitation of the villages – these were to be the objectives to be kept in view. In the towns the slums were to receive special attention. There was especially a class of the poor for which that compassionate Voice pleaded and protested. This was for the so-called depressed class, the outcastes of Hindu society. The denial of elementary human rights to this class of people it considered the greatest blot on Hindu society and history. It raised itself in passionate protest against the age-old wrongs of this class and forced those that listened to it to endeavour to remove the most outrageous of them like untouchability. It caused a revolution in Hindu religious practice by having Hindu temples thrown open to these people. It made the care of them a religious duty of the Hindus by re-naming them Harijans.