The skull is made of three separate bones separated by sutures.

The anterior fontanelle usually closes before the posterior fontanelle.

The normal occipito-frontal circumference (OFC) for a full-term infant is about 28–30 cm.

Plagiocephaly is more common in infants sleeping in the supine position.

A cephalhaematoma can cross several suture lines.

Maternal chorioamnionitis during gestations is unlikely to initiate labour in an obsessed woman.

Prolonged preterm rupture of membranes should be treated with oral erythromycin.

If corticosteroids are given more than 48 hours before delivery then the beneficial effect on the infant's lungs is negligible.

If there is fetal distress at 26 weeks, the foetus should be delivered by emergency lower segment caesarean section.

Preterm delivery can be avoided if preterm labour is switched off by the use of tocolytics.

PCR

Family history

Microarray

Clinical examination

Birth history

As the uterus starts contracting, blood flow through the uterine artery is interrupted.

During the delivery the fetal blood oxygen levels can be 4–6 kPa without causing brain damage.

The fetal brain utilises ketones if the supply of glucose is interrupted by any reason.

During the delivery the umbilical arterial pH is higher than the venous pH.

Most babies are generally cyanosed at the time of birth.

Providing space for growth and movement.

Development of the respiratory system.

Protection against infection.

Maintenance of temperature.

Excretion of waste products.

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Pulmonary atresia with ventriculo-septal defect (VSD)

Ventriculo-septal defect (VSD)

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Normal heart with physiological murmur

Contractility of the heart of a foetus is independent of preload and afterload.

In a foetus, blood pressure = stroke volume X heart rate.

Left-to-right shunting across the duct is normal in the developing fetus.

The fetal heart does not start pumping blood until 8–10 weeks because the placenta performs this function.

The ductus arteriosus in the developing fetus can be kept open by the use of ibuprofen or indomethacin but these have some side effects.

Prematurity

Breastfeeding

Physiological jaundice

Haemolysis

Mid term-onset sepsis

Because of an inherently insufficient antigen concentration.

Because of a lack of carrier determinants.

Because of HLA-related unresponsiveness.

Because of a lack of glycosylation.

Because of a lack of conformation.

IgA

IgD

IgE

IgG

IgM

The generation of antibody variable regions.

The attenuation of virulent organisms.

Innoculation of scab material into small skin wounds.

The removal of scab material from an individual with smallpox.

A type of gene therapy.

They are relatively poor at stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in mice.

Must be administered on gold particles if they are to be effective.

They are only effective if followed by a protein boost.

May have distinct advantages when preparing subunit vaccines against viruses which frequently alter their antigens.

Require cold storage in tropical countries.

Pasteur

Salk

Jenner

Montague

Sabin

a high titer of antibody

macrophage-activating cell-mediated immunity

cytotoxic T-cells

antibody in the gut lumen

neutrophils

It can mimic a part of a discontinuous epitope.

It adopts a single rigid structure in solution.

It can elicit potent antibody responses in the absence of T-cell help.

It can be used to stimulate B-cell, but not T-cell responses.

Lack of contact residues capable of interacting with the antigen receptor on the relevant lymphocytes.