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Digestive System (Medical Entrance)

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Which of the following functions is performed by the sphincter of Oddi?

  1. It prevents the entry of food back up the esophagus.

  2. It mediates movement of small intestine contents into the large intestine.

  3. It allows the content of stomach into duodenum.

  4. It controls the flow of digestive juices from ampulla of vater to the second part of duodenum.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Correct Answer: It controls the flow of digestive juices from ampulla of vater to the second part of duodenum.

Brunner's glands produce mucus rich alkaline secretion that contains bicarbonate. They are present in which of the following?

  1. Ilium

  2. Duodenum

  3. Jejunum

  4. Large intestine


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Brunner's glands are present in the duodenum. Their alkaline secretion protects duodenum from the acidic chyme that enters from the stomach.

The walls of esophagus consist of mucosa and sub-mucosa. Mucosa is made up of

  1. simple columnar epithelium

  2. stratified columnar epithelium

  3. stratified squamous epithelium

  4. simple cuboidal epithelium


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Mucosa is a stratified squamous epithelium of around three layers of squamous cells.

Milky spots are small, white colored areas of lymphoid tissues. Milky spots are found in higher number in which of the following anatomical regions of gastrointestinal tract?

  1. Greater curvature of stomach

  2. Epiploic vessels

  3. Greater omentum

  4. Pyloric sphincter


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Milky spots are found on the greater omentum in the peritoneal cavity. These milky spots contribute to the immunity of gastrointestinal system.

Adventitia or serosa is the outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel or other structures. Which of the following organs is covered by the adventitia?

  1. Sigmoid colon

  2. Stomach

  3. Thoracic esophagus

  4. Liver


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Thoracic esophagus has the outermost tissue covering of the adventitia.

Retroperitoneal space is an anatomical space in the abdominal cavity that is behind the peritoneum. Organs in this space do not have a complete covering of peritoneum. Which of the following regions of colon lies in the retroperitoneal space?

  1. Lower third rectum

  2. Sigmoid colon

  3. Transverse colon

  4. Ascending colon


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Ascending colon lies in the retroperitoneal space.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones and is synthesised by K-cells. These K-cells are located in the

  1. ilium

  2. submucosa of jejunum

  3. mucosa of duodenum

  4. pancreas


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

K-cells are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract.

Gerlach's valve is a fold of membrane named after J. V. Gerlach. It is usually present in the

  1. opening of ascending colon

  2. left colic flexure

  3. opening of vermiform appendix

  4. opening of transverse colon


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Gerlach's valve is usually present in the opening of vermiform appendix.

Which of the following bacteria present in colon is/are considered friendly?

  1. Bacteroides

  2. Bifidobacteria

  3. Fusospirochetes

  4. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Bifidobacteria are described as friendly bacteria. They are a probiotic.

Greater curvature of the stomach refers to the curvature of the stomach which is about 4 - 5 times longer than the lesser curvature. Which of the following arteries supplies to the upper part of the greater curvature?

  1. Short gastric artery

  2. Right gastric artery

  3. Left gastric artery

  4. Long gastric artery


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Short gastric artery supplies to the upper part of the greater curvature.

Mucous protects the wall of stomach from the corrosive gastric acids. Mucous is secreted by which of the following cells?

  1. Chief cells

  2. Parietal cells

  3. Foveolar cells

  4. Enteroendocrine cells


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Foveolar cells secrete mucous and cover the inside of the stomach.

Space of disse is a location in the liver between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid. It contains which of the following?

  1. RBC

  2. Water

  3. Proteolytic enzymes

  4. Blood plasma


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The space of disse contains the blood plasma.

Which of the following cells in liver probably have a role in antigen presentation and stimulation of natural killer cells?

  1. Stellate cells

  2. Sinusoidal endothelial cells

  3. Kupffer cells

  4. Hepatocytes


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Hepatic stellate cells probably have a role in antigen presentation and stimulation of natural killer cells. These cells are found in the perisinusoidal space (a small area between the sinusoids and hepatocytes).

Which of the following sentences are true about the duct of Wirsung?

a. It joins pancreas to common bile duct. b. It supplies pancreatic juices. c. It is a main pancreatic duct. d. It opens into the first portion of duodenum.

  1. b, c and d

  2. a, b and c

  3. a, b and d

  4. a, b, c and d


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Statements a, b and c are true. It joins pancreas to common bile duct, supplies pancreatic juices and is a main pancreatic duct.

Which of the following is the characteristic of strawberry gallbladder?

  1. Benign growth on the gallbladder wall

  2. Inflammation of the gallbladder

  3. Change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol

  4. Presence of stones in the gallbladder


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Strawberry gallbladder is a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol. It is also called cholesterolosis.

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