VDRL test involves the usage of cardiolipin as an antigen. It is a non-specific test diagnosis of syphilis.

Symptoms like paresis (general paralysis of insane), tabes dorsalis (damage of spinal cord and peripheral nerves) or gummas (disfiguring granulomatous lesions) are seen in the tertiary state of syphilis.

Neisseria is transmitted by airborne means. It gets transmitted from patients with active infections and from convalescent healthy carriers.

The symptoms of gonorrhea in males are pain during urination and a yellow discharge from the urethra. The infection in males can extend to prostate and epididymis.

Enteropathogenic E. coli colonises jejunum and upper ileum of the small intestine. It causes a moderate to severe gastroenteritis in humans and animals.

S. enteritidis causes gastroenteritis.

Shiga toxin causes fluid accumulation in the intestine, kills various cells by inactivating the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes and damages the walls of blood vessels.

Haemophilus influenzae causes epiglottitis in older children. In this disease, epiglottis is inflamed. It gets swollen to the extent that blockage of the trachea occurs and breathing is obstructed.

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis causes gastroenteritis.

Rickettsia prowazekii causes typhus fever. Its symptoms are chills, fever, headache, generalised aches, pains and exhaustion.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a potent exotoxin (in addition to an endotoxin) to manifest its infection. The lethal exotoxin produced is called toxin A. It has a mechanism of action identical to that of diphtheria toxin.

Legionnaires' disease is a severe bronchopneumonia. It is characterised by fever, chills and non-productive dry cough. The symptoms sometimes include chest pain, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea and mental confusion.

Brucella suis occurs in swine and is transmitted to humans during the processing of meat of the infected swine.

Campylobacter jejuni is most often associated with gastroenteritis. This species produces exudative and hemorrhagic inflammation of the intestinal walls and leads to several cases of diarrhoea.

Heat labile toxin (HLT) causes damage to epithelium of the respiratory tract.