EC 6.3 includes ligases used to form carbon-nitrogen bonds.

Phenylalanine, threonine and tryptophan: Glucogenic as well as ketogenic amino acids.

A frameshift mutation is a mutation caused by insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence. A nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and possibly a truncated, and often non functional protein product. Missense mutations are types of point mutations where a single nucleotide is changed to cause substitution of a different amino acid. A neutral mutation is a mutation that occurs in an amino acid codon that results in the use of a different, but chemically similar, amino acid. Silent mutations are mutations that do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein, unless the changed amino acid is sufficiently similar to the original.

NetPath is a manually curated resource of human signal transduction pathways. Reactome is a navigable map of human biological pathways, ranging from metabolic processes (metabolic pathways) to hormonal signalling (signal transduction pathways).

This option is correct because golden rice is a rice variety obtained by recombinant DNA technology and the name ‘golden rice’ is given to it because the seeds are golden yellow in colour due to the presence of β–carotene.

SILVA is a comprehensive on-line resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data.

ClustalW2 is a general purpose multiple sequence alignment program for DNA or proteins. PROSITE is a protein database consisting of entries describing the protein families, domains and functional sites as well as amino acid patterns and profiles in them.

The ProDom database contains protein domain families generated from the SWISS-PROT database by automated sequence comparisons.

This option is correct because the Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) is a curated biological database of protein-protein and genetic interactions and STRING is a database of known and predicted protein interactions.

Genetic drift is the change in the frequency of an allele in a population due to random sampling. Genetic hitchhiking refers to changes in the frequency of an allele because of linkage with a positively selected allele at another locus.

The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) consists of a joint effort to collect and disseminate databases containing DNA and RNA sequences. It consists of the following databases: DNA Data Bank of Japan (Japan), GenBank (USA) and the European Nucleotide Archive (UK).

CAZy is a database of Carbohydrate-Active enzymes, which contains classification and associated information about enyzmes involved in the synthesis, metabolism and transport of carbohydrates.

The production of monoclonal antibodies was invented by César Milstein and Georges J. F. Köhler in 1975. Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog developed a plant growth medium (Murashige and Skoog medium) used in the laboratories for cultivation of plant cell culture. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a revolutionary method developed by Kary Mullis in the 1980s.

Correct answer. The PROSITE dictionary of sites and patterns in proteins is prepared by Amos Bairoch at the University of Geneva. The X-ray crystallography Protein Data Bank (PDB) is compiled at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) data bank is prepared by Victor Mc Kusick, Claire A. Francomano and Stylianos E. Antonarakis at John Hopkins University.

DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) is a nucleotide sequence database. It is a biological database that collects DNA sequences. MEDLINE is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information which provides bibliographic information for articles from academic journals covering medicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and health care. NatureServe is a sophisticated biodiversity database which acts as an authoritative source for information on more thant 70,000 plants, animals, and ecosystems of the United States and Canada. WormBase is an online biological database about the biology and genome of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (a nematode) and contains information about other related nematodes.