Directions: In each question, the word at the top is used in four different ways, numbered 1 to 4. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is incorrect or inappropriate.

ACT

Directions: In each question, the word at the top is used in four different ways, numbered 1 to 4. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is incorrect or inappropriate.

FIGHT

Directions: In each question, the word at the top is used in four different ways, numbered 1 to 4. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is incorrect or inappropriate.

GROUND

Directions: In each question, the word at the top is used in four different ways, numbered 1 to 4. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is incorrect or inappropriate.

LET

Directions: In each question, the word at the top is used in four different ways, numbered 1 to 4. Choose the option in which the usage of the word is incorrect or inappropriate.

KNOCK

Directions: Arrange the sentences A, B, C, D, E and F to form a coherent paragraph.

A. She just smiles awkwardly and thrusts a card in my hand: “Amy Turner. Pet Portraits Undertaken.” B. It's a prosperous area so we often have people selling things door-to-door dusters, make-up, frozen foods - but she doesn't look like a professional saleswoman. C. A strange woman comes to my door one day in early March. D. She hasn't got the patter either. E. I run my fingernail along the cheap gold edge of the card and look at her, waiting for an explanation. F. “I'll paint any animal in the comfort of your own home,” Amy Turner says.

Directions: Arrange the sentences A, B, C, D, E and F to form a coherent paragraph.

A. One dollar and eighty-seven cents. B. That was all. C. And sixty cents of it was in pennies. D. Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheeks burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close dealing implied. E. And the next day would be Christmas. F. Three times Della counted it. One dollar and eighty-seven cents.

Directions: Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D to form a logical sequence between sentences 1 and 6.

1. According to Einstein, gravitation is an inherent property of space-time. A. Now the path of a ray of light must be just as obedient to the laws of geometry as is any other path. B. The planets, for instance, move in the way they do because they are pursuing the easiest path through the space-time continuum that surrounds them. C. Accordingly a ray of light passing through what we call a gravitational field must follow the path appropriate to that field. D. It is not that they are acted on by a force; the path they follow is the natural 'straight line' path in a region governed by that particular kind of non-Euclidean geometry.
2. This means, in practice, that a ray of light from a distant star, passing near the sun will be deflected, and the star will appear displaced in the sky.

Directions: In the question below there are four statements which express the same idea. Choose the alternative that is most clear and concise.

Directions: In the question below there are four statements which express the same idea. Choose the alternative that is most clear and concise.

Directions: Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D to form a logical sequence between sentences 1 and 6.

1. The modern era may be said to have begun about the year 1895. A. So great a revolution in scientific thought has not occurred since Copernicus showed that the earth went round the sun. B. The first step was the experimental demonstration that there exist little electrified bodies very much smaller than a hydrogen atom. C. Between that year and the year 1900, those researches were begun which have changed our whole conception of matter. D. Further, these studies have changed our whole idea of the meaning and purpose of physical science.
2. These little bodies were produced by passing an electric current through a glass tube almost entirely exhausted of air.

Directions: In the question below there are four statements which express the same idea. Choose the alternative that is most clear and concise.

Directions: In the question below there are four statements which express the same idea. Choose the alternative that is most clear and concise.

Directions: Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D to form a logical sequence between sentences 1 and 6.

1. It is a common observation that people with great talents are often only indifferent students. A. It may result, instead, from self-absorption and the inability to pay attention to the ordinary tasks at hand. B. The reason for mediocrity is obviously not the absence of ability. C. No one, for example, could have predicted Einstein's great achievements on the basis of his mediocre record in school. D. The only sure way an individual can interrupt reverie-like preoccupation and self- absorption is to form a deep attachment to a great teacher or other benevolent person who understands and has the ability to communicate with the gifted individual.
2. Therefore whether gifted individuals find what they need depends on the availability of sensitive and intuitive mentors who have a vocation in cultivating talent.

Directions: In the question below there are four statements which express the same idea. Choose the alternative that is most clear and concise.

Directions: Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D to form a logical sequence between sentences 1 and 6.

1. The first man in Europe to succeed in his aim of making white translucent hard porcelain was Bottcher. A. Bottcher's own story was that he left William to work for Augustus II because he was annoyed at the unbearable supervision to which he was subjected. B. He got away just in time. C. He first worked for William I as an alchemist. D. The true story probably was Bottcher himself became doubtful whether the shift which he turned out was really gold and decided to get away.
2. In fact as soon as he reached the first town in Saxony he was arrested at the request of his last employer William.

Directions: In each of the following sentences, part/parts of the sentence is/are left blank. Beneath each sentence four different ways of completing the sentence are indicated. Choose the word / phrase that best completes the sentence.

The novel comes as a ____________ to all women dumped by _________ males who will feel provoked at the title of the book, or at the sight of the picture on the cover.

Directions: In each of the following sentences, part/parts of the sentence is/are left blank. Beneath each sentence four different ways of completing the sentence are indicated. Choose the word / phrase that best completes the sentence.

The life-history of some of the past Indian freedom leaders amply shows how a mix of resilience and __________ helped them __________ their obstacles before achieving the pinnacle of glory.

Directions: In the question below there are four statements which express the same idea. Choose the alternative that is most clear and concise.

Directions: Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D to form a logical sequence between sentences 1 and 6.

1. The Cinema is a powerful and effective means of communication. A. It can help to a great extent in enlisting public co-operation in the task of nation-building. B. This most popular source of entertainment can be used as an instrument for creating public awakening. C. Because of its audio visual character it has great mass appeal. D. Such a powerful and effective means of communication can be gainfully utilised in a variety of ways.
2. The cinema can thus be used as an instrument to help people get rid of obscurantism and also to guide them along the right path.

Directions: Arrange the sentences A to F to form a coherent paragraph.

A. Never mind if Nepal had the tallest ones in the world - who cared about tall when there were more important things to think about, like cleanliness and hygiene. B. Prakash Babu was returning from Switzerland. C. Everybody was sure the mountains of Switzerland must somehow be a little bit better, a little bit nicer, a little bit more civilized, than their own poor, benighted country's. D. That twin land of mountains, that mirror image of peaks, but so much more Westernized, so much more modern, than Nepal's own mythologically burdened ones. E. That land of miraculous clocks which always told the time in minute precision, not like the few minutes late, few minutes early time of Nepal. F. Who cared about tall when you could have the cleanest, most sanitized, most modern mountains in the world.

Directions: Arrange the sentences A to F to form a coherent paragraph.

A. They're made out of meat.” B. “So who made the machines? That's who we want to contact.” C. “That's impossible. What about the radio signals? The messages to the stars?” D. “There's no doubt about it. We picked up several from different parts of the planet, took them aboard our recon vessels, and probed them all the way through. They're completely meat.” E. “They use the radio waves to talk, but the signals don't come from them. The signals come from machines.” F. “Meat?”

Directions: Arrange the sentences A to F to form a coherent paragraph.

A. The sentence - the dread sentence of death - was the last of distinct accentuation which reached my ears. B. I was sick - sick unto death with that long agony; and when they at length unbound me, and I was permitted to sit, I felt that my senses were leaving me. C. Yet, for a while, I saw; but with how terrible an exaggeration! I saw the lips of the black- robed judges. D. After that, the sound of the inquisitorial voices seemed merged in one dreamy indeterminate hum. E. They appeared to me white - whiter than the sheet upon which I trace these words F. This only for a brief period; for presently I heard no more.

Directions: In the question below there are four statements which express the same idea. Choose the alternative that is most clear and concise.

Directions: Arrange the sentences A, B, C and D to form a logical sequence between sentences 1 and 6.

1. Leadership inevitably requires using power to influence the thoughts and actions of other people. A. The need to hedge these risks accounts in part for the development of collective leadership and the managerial ethic. B. Out of this conservatism and inertia organizations provide succession to power through the development of managers rather than individual leaders. C. Power in the hands of an individual entails human risks: first, the risk of equating power with the ability to get immediate results; second, the risk of ignoring the many different ways people can legitimately accumulate power; and third, the risk of losing self-control in the desire for power. D. Consequently, an inherent conservatism dominates the culture of large organizations.
2. Perhaps the risks associated with power in the hands of an individual may be necessary ones for business to take if organizations are to break free of their inertia and bureaucratic conservatism.

Directions: The question is independent of one another.

There needs to be a significant change in the evaluation policy of many post graduation colleges when recruiting from graduation colleges. Most post-grad colleges look at academic performance, and as a result many deserving candidates are not even evaluated by these colleges. Aptitude tests, on the other hand, are better indicators of future academic performance, and deserve a look in. Which of the following is an assumption of the passage?

Directions: The question is independent of one another.

You are a guest in a friend's house and he has two children, a boy, Jackie, and a girl, Sujata. You know that all statements of one of them is always true and of the other are always false. You ask both of them the way to the neighborhood mall. You get the following replies. Jackie : I do not know the way to the mall. Sujata does not know the way to the mall. Sujata : I do not know the way to the mall and Jackie knows the way to the mall. Based on the above, I can infer that

Directions: The question is independent of one another.

Modern warfare does not revolve around the usage of standard weapons and armaments only. Recently China held India hostage, when an artificial lake was formed in a region in Tibet under the control of the Chinese, and the overflow of the lake or a leakage in the dam could overflow the Sutlej and hence flood the entire Sutlej basin in India. China refused permission to Indian specialists to inspect the lake, and held the country ransom to a “water bomb”. Again, the US is arm-twisting India to support US on major issues like Iraq and terrorism, in return for supporting India's demand for a UNSC seat. These are symptoms of war, albeit of a different kind. Which of the following would qualify as war, according to the definition of war described above?

According to the author, the term “Industrial Revolution”

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage2
Each generation sees the Industrial Revolution from a different standpoint. Indeed, it has so many aspects, its manifestations at different times and in different places have varied so much that by the judicious selection of facts it is easy to represent it in very conflicting ways.
Modern historians have shown how slow was the coming of the machine and the factory, and have stressed the fact that the so-called revolution in the eighteenth century was almost confined to cotton and iron; that the date of an invention and its effective use in industry are two very different things; that in 1830 the great majority of workers were still outside the factory system; that some of the evils of transition “and notably the misfortunes of the hand-loom weavers“ were increased because the new methods took so long to establish themselves. By tracking back origins on one hand, and by correcting false notions of the great rapidity of the change on the other, they have corrected the over-insistence on those critical  years, so dear to text-books, between 1760 and 1830. But there is no doubt at all that the time did seem epoch-making to those who lived in it, and in fact was epoch-making.
One might suppose the term revolution as applied to industrial change would have been suggested by the French Revolution. And so it was. Blanqui, the French economist, is said to have been the first to speak of the tindustrial revolution in the early nineteenth century, to show that he thought economic change in England as revolutionary as political change in  France: France had had a political revolution, England an economic one. The idea was developed by Marx, but the term did not come in to general use till Toynbee used it in lectures given in 1881, which were published as The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England.

The writer had not visualized the possibilities of steam, but these had particularly captured the imagination of his contemporaries. When Boswell, that prince of interviewers, visited Soho in 1776, where Boulton and Watt were constructing their steam-engines, Boulton, whom he calls the iron chieftain, said to him ‘I sell here what all the world desires, power.’ Insd 1784 the first balloon ascent was made in England, when Lunardi, secretary to the Neapolitan ambassador, was, as he says, ‘the first aerial traveler in the English atmosphere’. He went up, amidst immense excitement, with a cat as passenger, from the Artillery Garden (close to Bedlam, as sceptics  pointed out), landed the cat which had suffered from the cold – at Ware in Hertfordshire. Men’s minds began to dwell on the possibilities of steam and aerial navigation. Erasmus Darwin, in 1792,  described, with unpoetic precision, the actual achievements of steam.

The giant-Power from earth’s remotest caves lifts with strong arm her dark reluctant waves. Here high in air the rising stream he pours To clay built cisterns, or to lead-line towers: Fresh thro’a thousand pipes the wave distils, And thirsty cities drink the exuberant rills. There the vast mill-stone with inebriate whirl on trembling floors his forceful fingers twirl, Feast without blood! And nourish human-kind.

It may be as well to explain that these lines refer to the pumping of water from coal-mines for drainage and from rivers for the purposes of water-supply – this last was done in London from the Thames. Then comes an evident allusion to the Albion mills built in London by Watt in 1786, with the help of Rennie. Fifty pairs of mill-stones were set in motion by two  engines. It created a sensation and it became the fashion to visit it – to Watt’s annoyance: ‘What have Dukes, Lords and Ladies to do with masquerading in a flour mill?’ he wrote to Boulton. Darwin then went on to prophesy:

Soon shall thy arm, UNCONQUER’D STEAM ! afar Drag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car; Or on wide-waving wings expanded bear The flying-chariot through the fields of air. Fair crews triumphant, leaning from above, Shall wave their fluttering kerchiefs as they move; Or warrior-bands alarm the gaping crowd, And armies shrink beneath the shadowy cloud.

We know how cotton and iron enabled England to resist Napoleon and subsidize her allies. But what is often forgotten is the marvelous way in which the growth of industry and trade mitigated disaster during the American War (1775-83) and was the basis of the wonderful recovery which the country made during the ten years’ peace which ollowed. As a modern historian has said,

According to the author, the “going fishing” analogy may not be useful to solve the recruitment problem because

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 3
A number of effective methods for generating new ideas are based on the use of analogies. One of the major difficulties in generating new ideas is to get going. The advantage of an analogy is that it has a life of its own. For instance, in the analogy of going fishing the process is so well known that one moves from one step to another without difficulty: finding time, choosing a stretch of water, perhaps getting a license, preparing the rod and tackle, choosing a position by the water, selecting bait,  changing  bait,  moving  about,  patience,  catching  something,  or  the  fish  that  got  away, fisherman’s stories, and so on.

In using  the analogy  method,  one  translates  the  problem  situation  in  to  an  analogy  and  then develops the analogy in its own right. From time to time, one translates back to the real problem to see  what  would  happen  if  the  process  taking  place  in  the analogy  took  place  in  the  problem situation.  For  instance,  the  fishing  analogy  might  have  been used  in  considering  a  management recruitment  problem.  “Stretch  of  water”  would  now  read  area  of  exploration,  perhaps  campus, perhaps  business  college,  perhaps  other  corporations.  “Bait” would  now  read  salary,  fringe benefits, stock options, promotion prospects, status, responsibility, location, or others.

mouth, and  the  like.  One would  then  come  to  the  point  when  no  fish?  Perhaps  those  waters  were overfished, perhaps the bait was unsuitable, perhaps the weather conditions were not right, perhaps it was a matter of too little patience. One might then consider whether the object of the fishing was sport, the odd chance of getting something really worthwhile, or the need to have some fish to eat. If it was the last, one might consider buying fish from a professional fish catcher, buying frozen fish from a store and spending extra time cooking it, or even changing the menu so that frozen fish fitted in (fresh salmon might dominate a menu but fish fingers would not). Translated back in to the problem situation, this would all mean that if changing the incentives and the search area were unsuccessful,  then  one  ought to  have more patience, or  employ professional search agencies, or decide to spend more time on executive training on the job, or even tailor the job in such a way that exceptional executive talent was no longer required.

Analogies serve as vehicles for processes, functions, relationships, and it is these which are being transferred to the original problem and tried out to see if they fit or what ideas they set off. The natural  development  of  an analogy is quite unrelated  to  the actual problem and  so  it provides a source of discontinuity. The problem is forced (or encouraged) to develop along a line different from its natural development.

The use of an analogy to get a problem moving is quite a different thing from arguing by analogy. No  matter  how  good  the  fit,  the  development  of  an  analogy  can  prove  nothing  about  the development of the problem situation. As usual in lateral thinking, the way one arrives at a new idea can never by itself justify that idea. The idea must stand in its own right.

According to the passage, all of the following are necessarily true, except

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 1
Although the camel caravan is recognized as the best means of transport for valuable goods over great distances, yet, for local journeys or when, owing to the perishable nature of the cargo, time is of great importance, the Turki with his drove of little donkeys is the man. He is met on every road of Turkestan, always hustling his beasts through a cloud of dust and lashing them right and left to keep them up to speed. He is a great burly fellow, dressed in loose clothes which increase his bulk, and his baggy trousers are stuffed in to high leather boots. His chapan(coat) is tied in with a thick belt, and he wears a round hat with a sheepskin border which mixes with his loose hair to form a shaggy frame to the weather-beaten face. One man, or at the most two, will drive twenty donkeys, riding behind them, shouting incessantly, and never letting them slacken to normal walking-pace.

He  mainly  conveys  melons,  early  vegetable and  fruits  —  apricots  peaches,  grapes  and pears according  to  season  —  but  makes  up  his  load  with  rolls  of  loosely  woven,  undyed  cotton.  He knows no organization of travel life, but pushes on from stage to stage with restless energy. When the donkeys must be fed he drives them in to an inn-court, tosses the panniers from their backs, carelessly throws fodder in to the manger, pulls some hard cakes of bread from his own food-bag and sits down to a meal of bread soaked in tea. He carries with himself what he will need to eat on the road. He takes a short sleep while the animals finish their grain, then he flings himself on to his beast’s back and urges the drove on for as far as he dare before feeding them again.

The donkeys are small and cheap, so he is careless of life and sacrifices them in large numbers to his  passion  for  speed  and  his reckless output of strength. He will use dangerous short-cuts over which no other class of transport-man will use venture, and in bad weather many beasts die by the roadside.  This  does  not trouble  him,  and  he  just lifts  the  load  from  the exhausted  creature and divides its weight among the others, then pushes on again, regardless of suffering, to deliver the cargo  at  market,  for  he  has  a  master  as  impatient  as  himself  waiting  at the  other  end.  He  will normally do five stages in three days and nothing may stand in his way, but when the goods are handed over and he can lodge in an inn, he enjoys twenty-four hours of sheer luxury. There is hot, greasy pilau  to  eat, women to  wait on him, and  long carefree hours of sleep to enjoy before he stars again on the hectic return journey.

The  Chinese  method of  transport is  quite  different.  Great  carts  which  cross  the  Gobi link  the commercial life  of  China  proper  with  the  raw  material  markets  of  Turkestan,  and  a carter  who leaves  Kashgar  in  February  will  swing  through  the  gates  of  his  Honan home  town  in  August without having shifted his splendidly packed cargo. In the course of this phenomenal journey he will only need to change the axle a few times in order to adjust the cart to the wider desert gauge or  the narrowing Kansu or  Honan ruts. The widest axle is required between Suchow and Hami, and the narrowest in Honan.

they  must  plough  and  sow,  then  reap  the  harvest.  If  the  grain  were carefully  stored  against the arrival of his troops, it would support them through the following year. Thanks to such good ta- suan, he carried the campaign to a successful issue.

The Chinese transport system across the Gobi has been built up on the principle of ta-suan, and in entire contrast  with  the  native  genius  of  the  reckless  Turki  driver.  The  distances  which  make a possible  stage  for  man  and beast  have  been  meticulously  calculated,  as  well  as  the equipment necessary to ensure reasonable ease on the journey. The Chinese understand the art of elimination and  how  not to  encumber  themselves  with  superfluous  impedimenta.  Before  leaving home  the Chinese carter has thought out where he can exchange his money to best advantage, what goods can be bought and sold most profitably in each place, and where money invested in an extra horse or  mule  will  bring  in  most  profit.  He  leaves  Central  China with large sleek mules for  which he himself has paid a good price, but which he sells to rich Tungans at Suchow at tremendous profit, and himself buys rough but desert-hardened beasts. For the return journey he will invest some of his depreciated paper taels in good Turkestan horses, which are very cheap in Dzungaria but fetch a big price in Central China.

According to the passage, the key difference between the Chinese carter and the Turki transporter is

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 1
Although the camel caravan is recognized as the best means of transport for valuable goods over great distances, yet, for local journeys or when, owing to the perishable nature of the cargo, time is of great importance, the Turki with his drove of little donkeys is the man. He is met on every road of Turkestan, always hustling his beasts through a cloud of dust and lashing them right and left to keep them up to speed. He is a great burly fellow, dressed in loose clothes which increase his bulk, and his baggy trousers are stuffed in to high leather boots. His chapan(coat) is tied in with a thick belt, and he wears a round hat with a sheepskin border which mixes with his loose hair to form a shaggy frame to the weather-beaten face. One man, or at the most two, will drive twenty donkeys, riding behind them, shouting incessantly, and never letting them slacken to normal walking-pace.

He  mainly  conveys  melons,  early  vegetable and  fruits  —  apricots  peaches,  grapes  and pears according  to  season  —  but  makes  up  his  load  with  rolls  of  loosely  woven,  undyed  cotton.  He knows no organization of travel life, but pushes on from stage to stage with restless energy. When the donkeys must be fed he drives them in to an inn-court, tosses the panniers from their backs, carelessly throws fodder in to the manger, pulls some hard cakes of bread from his own food-bag and sits down to a meal of bread soaked in tea. He carries with himself what he will need to eat on the road. He takes a short sleep while the animals finish their grain, then he flings himself on to his beast’s back and urges the drove on for as far as he dare before feeding them again.

The donkeys are small and cheap, so he is careless of life and sacrifices them in large numbers to his  passion  for  speed  and  his reckless output of strength. He will use dangerous short-cuts over which no other class of transport-man will use venture, and in bad weather many beasts die by the roadside.  This  does  not trouble  him,  and  he  just lifts  the  load  from  the exhausted  creature and divides its weight among the others, then pushes on again, regardless of suffering, to deliver the cargo  at  market,  for  he  has  a  master  as  impatient  as  himself  waiting  at the  other  end.  He  will normally do five stages in three days and nothing may stand in his way, but when the goods are handed over and he can lodge in an inn, he enjoys twenty-four hours of sheer luxury. There is hot, greasy pilau  to  eat, women to  wait on him, and  long carefree hours of sleep to enjoy before he stars again on the hectic return journey.

The  Chinese  method of  transport is  quite  different.  Great  carts  which  cross  the  Gobi link  the commercial life  of  China  proper  with  the  raw  material  markets  of  Turkestan,  and  a carter  who leaves  Kashgar  in  February  will  swing  through  the  gates  of  his  Honan home  town  in  August without having shifted his splendidly packed cargo. In the course of this phenomenal journey he will only need to change the axle a few times in order to adjust the cart to the wider desert gauge or  the narrowing Kansu or  Honan ruts. The widest axle is required between Suchow and Hami, and the narrowest in Honan.

they  must  plough  and  sow,  then  reap  the  harvest.  If  the  grain  were carefully  stored  against the arrival of his troops, it would support them through the following year. Thanks to such good ta- suan, he carried the campaign to a successful issue.

The Chinese transport system across the Gobi has been built up on the principle of ta-suan, and in entire contrast  with  the  native  genius  of  the  reckless  Turki  driver.  The  distances  which  make a possible  stage  for  man  and beast  have  been  meticulously  calculated,  as  well  as  the equipment necessary to ensure reasonable ease on the journey. The Chinese understand the art of elimination and  how  not to  encumber  themselves  with  superfluous  impedimenta.  Before  leaving home  the Chinese carter has thought out where he can exchange his money to best advantage, what goods can be bought and sold most profitably in each place, and where money invested in an extra horse or  mule  will  bring  in  most  profit.  He  leaves  Central  China with large sleek mules for  which he himself has paid a good price, but which he sells to rich Tungans at Suchow at tremendous profit, and himself buys rough but desert-hardened beasts. For the return journey he will invest some of his depreciated paper taels in good Turkestan horses, which are very cheap in Dzungaria but fetch a big price in Central China.

According to the author, the Chinese transporter is akin to the professional banker as he i. takes advantage of time and place, and is never stuck with worthless assets. ii. takes advantage of the different needs of each market, and benefits from dealing in the right currency at the right market. iii. has meticulously calculated his needs for the journey, and only carries bare necessities and equipment.

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 1
Although the camel caravan is recognized as the best means of transport for valuable goods over great distances, yet, for local journeys or when, owing to the perishable nature of the cargo, time is of great importance, the Turki with his drove of little donkeys is the man. He is met on every road of Turkestan, always hustling his beasts through a cloud of dust and lashing them right and left to keep them up to speed. He is a great burly fellow, dressed in loose clothes which increase his bulk, and his baggy trousers are stuffed in to high leather boots. His chapan(coat) is tied in with a thick belt, and he wears a round hat with a sheepskin border which mixes with his loose hair to form a shaggy frame to the weather-beaten face. One man, or at the most two, will drive twenty donkeys, riding behind them, shouting incessantly, and never letting them slacken to normal walking-pace.

He  mainly  conveys  melons,  early  vegetable and  fruits  —  apricots  peaches,  grapes  and pears according  to  season  —  but  makes  up  his  load  with  rolls  of  loosely  woven,  undyed  cotton.  He knows no organization of travel life, but pushes on from stage to stage with restless energy. When the donkeys must be fed he drives them in to an inn-court, tosses the panniers from their backs, carelessly throws fodder in to the manger, pulls some hard cakes of bread from his own food-bag and sits down to a meal of bread soaked in tea. He carries with himself what he will need to eat on the road. He takes a short sleep while the animals finish their grain, then he flings himself on to his beast’s back and urges the drove on for as far as he dare before feeding them again.

The donkeys are small and cheap, so he is careless of life and sacrifices them in large numbers to his  passion  for  speed  and  his reckless output of strength. He will use dangerous short-cuts over which no other class of transport-man will use venture, and in bad weather many beasts die by the roadside.  This  does  not trouble  him,  and  he  just lifts  the  load  from  the exhausted  creature and divides its weight among the others, then pushes on again, regardless of suffering, to deliver the cargo  at  market,  for  he  has  a  master  as  impatient  as  himself  waiting  at the  other  end.  He  will normally do five stages in three days and nothing may stand in his way, but when the goods are handed over and he can lodge in an inn, he enjoys twenty-four hours of sheer luxury. There is hot, greasy pilau  to  eat, women to  wait on him, and  long carefree hours of sleep to enjoy before he stars again on the hectic return journey.

The  Chinese  method of  transport is  quite  different.  Great  carts  which  cross  the  Gobi link  the commercial life  of  China  proper  with  the  raw  material  markets  of  Turkestan,  and  a carter  who leaves  Kashgar  in  February  will  swing  through  the  gates  of  his  Honan home  town  in  August without having shifted his splendidly packed cargo. In the course of this phenomenal journey he will only need to change the axle a few times in order to adjust the cart to the wider desert gauge or  the narrowing Kansu or  Honan ruts. The widest axle is required between Suchow and Hami, and the narrowest in Honan.

they  must  plough  and  sow,  then  reap  the  harvest.  If  the  grain  were carefully  stored  against the arrival of his troops, it would support them through the following year. Thanks to such good ta- suan, he carried the campaign to a successful issue.

The Chinese transport system across the Gobi has been built up on the principle of ta-suan, and in entire contrast  with  the  native  genius  of  the  reckless  Turki  driver.  The  distances  which  make a possible  stage  for  man  and beast  have  been  meticulously  calculated,  as  well  as  the equipment necessary to ensure reasonable ease on the journey. The Chinese understand the art of elimination and  how  not to  encumber  themselves  with  superfluous  impedimenta.  Before  leaving home  the Chinese carter has thought out where he can exchange his money to best advantage, what goods can be bought and sold most profitably in each place, and where money invested in an extra horse or  mule  will  bring  in  most  profit.  He  leaves  Central  China with large sleek mules for  which he himself has paid a good price, but which he sells to rich Tungans at Suchow at tremendous profit, and himself buys rough but desert-hardened beasts. For the return journey he will invest some of his depreciated paper taels in good Turkestan horses, which are very cheap in Dzungaria but fetch a big price in Central China.

According to the passage,

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage2
Each generation sees the Industrial Revolution from a different standpoint. Indeed, it has so many aspects, its manifestations at different times and in different places have varied so much that by the judicious selection of facts it is easy to represent it in very conflicting ways.
Modern historians have shown how slow was the coming of the machine and the factory, and have stressed the fact that the so-called revolution in the eighteenth century was almost confined to cotton and iron; that the date of an invention and its effective use in industry are two very different things; that in 1830 the great majority of workers were still outside the factory system; that some of the evils of transition “and notably the misfortunes of the hand-loom weavers“ were increased because the new methods took so long to establish themselves. By tracking back origins on one hand, and by correcting false notions of the great rapidity of the change on the other, they have corrected the over-insistence on those critical  years, so dear to text-books, between 1760 and 1830. But there is no doubt at all that the time did seem epoch-making to those who lived in it, and in fact was epoch-making.
One might suppose the term revolution as applied to industrial change would have been suggested by the French Revolution. And so it was. Blanqui, the French economist, is said to have been the first to speak of the tindustrial revolution in the early nineteenth century, to show that he thought economic change in England as revolutionary as political change in  France: France had had a political revolution, England an economic one. The idea was developed by Marx, but the term did not come in to general use till Toynbee used it in lectures given in 1881, which were published as The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England.

The writer had not visualized the possibilities of steam, but these had particularly captured the imagination of his contemporaries. When Boswell, that prince of interviewers, visited Soho in 1776, where Boulton and Watt were constructing their steam-engines, Boulton, whom he calls the iron chieftain, said to him ‘I sell here what all the world desires, power.’ Insd 1784 the first balloon ascent was made in England, when Lunardi, secretary to the Neapolitan ambassador, was, as he says, ‘the first aerial traveler in the English atmosphere’. He went up, amidst immense excitement, with a cat as passenger, from the Artillery Garden (close to Bedlam, as sceptics  pointed out), landed the cat which had suffered from the cold – at Ware in Hertfordshire. Men’s minds began to dwell on the possibilities of steam and aerial navigation. Erasmus Darwin, in 1792,  described, with unpoetic precision, the actual achievements of steam.

The giant-Power from earth’s remotest caves lifts with strong arm her dark reluctant waves. Here high in air the rising stream he pours To clay built cisterns, or to lead-line towers: Fresh thro’a thousand pipes the wave distils, And thirsty cities drink the exuberant rills. There the vast mill-stone with inebriate whirl on trembling floors his forceful fingers twirl, Feast without blood! And nourish human-kind.

It may be as well to explain that these lines refer to the pumping of water from coal-mines for drainage and from rivers for the purposes of water-supply – this last was done in London from the Thames. Then comes an evident allusion to the Albion mills built in London by Watt in 1786, with the help of Rennie. Fifty pairs of mill-stones were set in motion by two  engines. It created a sensation and it became the fashion to visit it – to Watt’s annoyance: ‘What have Dukes, Lords and Ladies to do with masquerading in a flour mill?’ he wrote to Boulton. Darwin then went on to prophesy:

Soon shall thy arm, UNCONQUER’D STEAM ! afar Drag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car; Or on wide-waving wings expanded bear The flying-chariot through the fields of air. Fair crews triumphant, leaning from above, Shall wave their fluttering kerchiefs as they move; Or warrior-bands alarm the gaping crowd, And armies shrink beneath the shadowy cloud.

We know how cotton and iron enabled England to resist Napoleon and subsidize her allies. But what is often forgotten is the marvelous way in which the growth of industry and trade mitigated disaster during the American War (1775-83) and was the basis of the wonderful recovery which the country made during the ten years’ peace which ollowed. As a modern historian has said,

The author is of the opinion that

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 1
Although the camel caravan is recognized as the best means of transport for valuable goods over great distances, yet, for local journeys or when, owing to the perishable nature of the cargo, time is of great importance, the Turki with his drove of little donkeys is the man. He is met on every road of Turkestan, always hustling his beasts through a cloud of dust and lashing them right and left to keep them up to speed. He is a great burly fellow, dressed in loose clothes which increase his bulk, and his baggy trousers are stuffed in to high leather boots. His chapan(coat) is tied in with a thick belt, and he wears a round hat with a sheepskin border which mixes with his loose hair to form a shaggy frame to the weather-beaten face. One man, or at the most two, will drive twenty donkeys, riding behind them, shouting incessantly, and never letting them slacken to normal walking-pace.

He  mainly  conveys  melons,  early  vegetable and  fruits  —  apricots  peaches,  grapes  and pears according  to  season  —  but  makes  up  his  load  with  rolls  of  loosely  woven,  undyed  cotton.  He knows no organization of travel life, but pushes on from stage to stage with restless energy. When the donkeys must be fed he drives them in to an inn-court, tosses the panniers from their backs, carelessly throws fodder in to the manger, pulls some hard cakes of bread from his own food-bag and sits down to a meal of bread soaked in tea. He carries with himself what he will need to eat on the road. He takes a short sleep while the animals finish their grain, then he flings himself on to his beast’s back and urges the drove on for as far as he dare before feeding them again.

The donkeys are small and cheap, so he is careless of life and sacrifices them in large numbers to his  passion  for  speed  and  his reckless output of strength. He will use dangerous short-cuts over which no other class of transport-man will use venture, and in bad weather many beasts die by the roadside.  This  does  not trouble  him,  and  he  just lifts  the  load  from  the exhausted  creature and divides its weight among the others, then pushes on again, regardless of suffering, to deliver the cargo  at  market,  for  he  has  a  master  as  impatient  as  himself  waiting  at the  other  end.  He  will normally do five stages in three days and nothing may stand in his way, but when the goods are handed over and he can lodge in an inn, he enjoys twenty-four hours of sheer luxury. There is hot, greasy pilau  to  eat, women to  wait on him, and  long carefree hours of sleep to enjoy before he stars again on the hectic return journey.

The  Chinese  method of  transport is  quite  different.  Great  carts  which  cross  the  Gobi link  the commercial life  of  China  proper  with  the  raw  material  markets  of  Turkestan,  and  a carter  who leaves  Kashgar  in  February  will  swing  through  the  gates  of  his  Honan home  town  in  August without having shifted his splendidly packed cargo. In the course of this phenomenal journey he will only need to change the axle a few times in order to adjust the cart to the wider desert gauge or  the narrowing Kansu or  Honan ruts. The widest axle is required between Suchow and Hami, and the narrowest in Honan.

they  must  plough  and  sow,  then  reap  the  harvest.  If  the  grain  were carefully  stored  against the arrival of his troops, it would support them through the following year. Thanks to such good ta- suan, he carried the campaign to a successful issue.

The Chinese transport system across the Gobi has been built up on the principle of ta-suan, and in entire contrast  with  the  native  genius  of  the  reckless  Turki  driver.  The  distances  which  make a possible  stage  for  man  and beast  have  been  meticulously  calculated,  as  well  as  the equipment necessary to ensure reasonable ease on the journey. The Chinese understand the art of elimination and  how  not to  encumber  themselves  with  superfluous  impedimenta.  Before  leaving home  the Chinese carter has thought out where he can exchange his money to best advantage, what goods can be bought and sold most profitably in each place, and where money invested in an extra horse or  mule  will  bring  in  most  profit.  He  leaves  Central  China with large sleek mules for  which he himself has paid a good price, but which he sells to rich Tungans at Suchow at tremendous profit, and himself buys rough but desert-hardened beasts. For the return journey he will invest some of his depreciated paper taels in good Turkestan horses, which are very cheap in Dzungaria but fetch a big price in Central China.

In the context of the passage, according to the author, a life in the military develops arrogance in man and deforms him because

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 4
The  best  graduates  of  Saint-Cyr  were  given  the choice  of  their  first  appointment.  Charles  de Gaulle had also won that right, and he now faced the question: where should he begin his service? Traditionally, the most prestigious service was cavalry, and last on this scale, as everywhere, was long-suffering infantry. However strange that may seem at first glance, our junior lieutenant chose precisely  the  thankless  lot  of  an  infantryman.  Moreover,  he  decided  to  serve  in  that  very  33rd Infantry Regiment at Arras where he had gone through his service in the ranks. Charles de Gaulle would  always surprise everyone  by his  unexpected decisions,  but this  one  was  not  as  rash  as  it might  seem.  Picturesque cavalry  inevitably  lost its  former  glory  in  the epoch  of  mass  use  of machine-guns  while artillery was  regarded  as  a  kind of  auxiliary service  in  France;  but infantry remained  the  main  striking  force called  upon  to perform  those  really  great  deeds  of  which  de Gaulle dreamed. True, there were also the particularly fashionable Navy and aviation, which was then coming in to being. But these services required highly specialized training.

Finally, Charles de Gaulle knew, of course, that the newly appointed commander of 33rd  Infantry was Philippe Petain, well known in the army not only for his obstreperousness and frictions with his superiors, which adversely affected  his career, but also for his critical attitude to the official military doctrine. Petain was extremely conservative. Ignoring the new law segregating the church from  the  state,  he  openly  encouraged officers  to  attend  Mass  regularly.  In  any  case  he  had  the reputation  of  an  intelligent,  energetic,  and  exacting  officer  who  could be a  good  teacher  of  the military craft.

The  moment  came  when  the  raw  young  officer,  his  fresh  epaulets  glittering,  reported  to  his colonel.  The  22-year-old  junior  lieutenant,  black  eyed,  very tall,  stood  for  the  first time  face  to face with the 56-year-old  colonel ironically looking at him with his pale blue eyes. De Gaulle’s destiny would for a long time be linked with Petain…

The Young officer who would serve for many years under Colonel (later Marshall) Petain would feel great respect for his patron. It is interesting that even after Petain’s disgrace at the end, when he became France’s traitor, de Gaulle would retain something of that feeling. He would write in his memoir : “My first  colonel, Petain, showed me the meaning of the gift and art of command.”

According to the passage, Charles de Gaulle choose the 33^rd infantry regiment primarily because

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 4
The  best  graduates  of  Saint-Cyr  were  given  the choice  of  their  first  appointment.  Charles  de Gaulle had also won that right, and he now faced the question: where should he begin his service? Traditionally, the most prestigious service was cavalry, and last on this scale, as everywhere, was long-suffering infantry. However strange that may seem at first glance, our junior lieutenant chose precisely  the  thankless  lot  of  an  infantryman.  Moreover,  he  decided  to  serve  in  that  very  33rd Infantry Regiment at Arras where he had gone through his service in the ranks. Charles de Gaulle would  always surprise everyone  by his  unexpected decisions,  but this  one  was  not  as  rash  as  it might  seem.  Picturesque cavalry  inevitably  lost its  former  glory  in  the epoch  of  mass  use  of machine-guns  while artillery was  regarded  as  a  kind of  auxiliary service  in  France;  but infantry remained  the  main  striking  force called  upon  to perform  those  really  great  deeds  of  which  de Gaulle dreamed. True, there were also the particularly fashionable Navy and aviation, which was then coming in to being. But these services required highly specialized training.

Finally, Charles de Gaulle knew, of course, that the newly appointed commander of 33rd  Infantry was Philippe Petain, well known in the army not only for his obstreperousness and frictions with his superiors, which adversely affected  his career, but also for his critical attitude to the official military doctrine. Petain was extremely conservative. Ignoring the new law segregating the church from  the  state,  he  openly  encouraged officers  to  attend  Mass  regularly.  In  any  case  he  had  the reputation  of  an  intelligent,  energetic,  and  exacting  officer  who  could be a  good  teacher  of  the military craft.

The  moment  came  when  the  raw  young  officer,  his  fresh  epaulets  glittering,  reported  to  his colonel.  The  22-year-old  junior  lieutenant,  black  eyed,  very tall,  stood  for  the  first time  face  to face with the 56-year-old  colonel ironically looking at him with his pale blue eyes. De Gaulle’s destiny would for a long time be linked with Petain…

The Young officer who would serve for many years under Colonel (later Marshall) Petain would feel great respect for his patron. It is interesting that even after Petain’s disgrace at the end, when he became France’s traitor, de Gaulle would retain something of that feeling. He would write in his memoir : “My first  colonel, Petain, showed me the meaning of the gift and art of command.”

According to the passage,

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage2
Each generation sees the Industrial Revolution from a different standpoint. Indeed, it has so many aspects, its manifestations at different times and in different places have varied so much that by the judicious selection of facts it is easy to represent it in very conflicting ways.
Modern historians have shown how slow was the coming of the machine and the factory, and have stressed the fact that the so-called revolution in the eighteenth century was almost confined to cotton and iron; that the date of an invention and its effective use in industry are two very different things; that in 1830 the great majority of workers were still outside the factory system; that some of the evils of transition “and notably the misfortunes of the hand-loom weavers“ were increased because the new methods took so long to establish themselves. By tracking back origins on one hand, and by correcting false notions of the great rapidity of the change on the other, they have corrected the over-insistence on those critical  years, so dear to text-books, between 1760 and 1830. But there is no doubt at all that the time did seem epoch-making to those who lived in it, and in fact was epoch-making.
One might suppose the term revolution as applied to industrial change would have been suggested by the French Revolution. And so it was. Blanqui, the French economist, is said to have been the first to speak of the tindustrial revolution in the early nineteenth century, to show that he thought economic change in England as revolutionary as political change in  France: France had had a political revolution, England an economic one. The idea was developed by Marx, but the term did not come in to general use till Toynbee used it in lectures given in 1881, which were published as The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England.

The writer had not visualized the possibilities of steam, but these had particularly captured the imagination of his contemporaries. When Boswell, that prince of interviewers, visited Soho in 1776, where Boulton and Watt were constructing their steam-engines, Boulton, whom he calls the iron chieftain, said to him ‘I sell here what all the world desires, power.’ Insd 1784 the first balloon ascent was made in England, when Lunardi, secretary to the Neapolitan ambassador, was, as he says, ‘the first aerial traveler in the English atmosphere’. He went up, amidst immense excitement, with a cat as passenger, from the Artillery Garden (close to Bedlam, as sceptics  pointed out), landed the cat which had suffered from the cold – at Ware in Hertfordshire. Men’s minds began to dwell on the possibilities of steam and aerial navigation. Erasmus Darwin, in 1792,  described, with unpoetic precision, the actual achievements of steam.

The giant-Power from earth’s remotest caves lifts with strong arm her dark reluctant waves. Here high in air the rising stream he pours To clay built cisterns, or to lead-line towers: Fresh thro’a thousand pipes the wave distils, And thirsty cities drink the exuberant rills. There the vast mill-stone with inebriate whirl on trembling floors his forceful fingers twirl, Feast without blood! And nourish human-kind.

It may be as well to explain that these lines refer to the pumping of water from coal-mines for drainage and from rivers for the purposes of water-supply – this last was done in London from the Thames. Then comes an evident allusion to the Albion mills built in London by Watt in 1786, with the help of Rennie. Fifty pairs of mill-stones were set in motion by two  engines. It created a sensation and it became the fashion to visit it – to Watt’s annoyance: ‘What have Dukes, Lords and Ladies to do with masquerading in a flour mill?’ he wrote to Boulton. Darwin then went on to prophesy:

Soon shall thy arm, UNCONQUER’D STEAM ! afar Drag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car; Or on wide-waving wings expanded bear The flying-chariot through the fields of air. Fair crews triumphant, leaning from above, Shall wave their fluttering kerchiefs as they move; Or warrior-bands alarm the gaping crowd, And armies shrink beneath the shadowy cloud.

We know how cotton and iron enabled England to resist Napoleon and subsidize her allies. But what is often forgotten is the marvelous way in which the growth of industry and trade mitigated disaster during the American War (1775-83) and was the basis of the wonderful recovery which the country made during the ten years’ peace which ollowed. As a modern historian has said,

According to the passage,

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 4
The  best  graduates  of  Saint-Cyr  were  given  the choice  of  their  first  appointment.  Charles  de Gaulle had also won that right, and he now faced the question: where should he begin his service? Traditionally, the most prestigious service was cavalry, and last on this scale, as everywhere, was long-suffering infantry. However strange that may seem at first glance, our junior lieutenant chose precisely  the  thankless  lot  of  an  infantryman.  Moreover,  he  decided  to  serve  in  that  very  33rd Infantry Regiment at Arras where he had gone through his service in the ranks. Charles de Gaulle would  always surprise everyone  by his  unexpected decisions,  but this  one  was  not  as  rash  as  it might  seem.  Picturesque cavalry  inevitably  lost its  former  glory  in  the epoch  of  mass  use  of machine-guns  while artillery was  regarded  as  a  kind of  auxiliary service  in  France;  but infantry remained  the  main  striking  force called  upon  to perform  those  really  great  deeds  of  which  de Gaulle dreamed. True, there were also the particularly fashionable Navy and aviation, which was then coming in to being. But these services required highly specialized training.

Finally, Charles de Gaulle knew, of course, that the newly appointed commander of 33rd  Infantry was Philippe Petain, well known in the army not only for his obstreperousness and frictions with his superiors, which adversely affected  his career, but also for his critical attitude to the official military doctrine. Petain was extremely conservative. Ignoring the new law segregating the church from  the  state,  he  openly  encouraged officers  to  attend  Mass  regularly.  In  any  case  he  had  the reputation  of  an  intelligent,  energetic,  and  exacting  officer  who  could be a  good  teacher  of  the military craft.

The  moment  came  when  the  raw  young  officer,  his  fresh  epaulets  glittering,  reported  to  his colonel.  The  22-year-old  junior  lieutenant,  black  eyed,  very tall,  stood  for  the  first time  face  to face with the 56-year-old  colonel ironically looking at him with his pale blue eyes. De Gaulle’s destiny would for a long time be linked with Petain…

The Young officer who would serve for many years under Colonel (later Marshall) Petain would feel great respect for his patron. It is interesting that even after Petain’s disgrace at the end, when he became France’s traitor, de Gaulle would retain something of that feeling. He would write in his memoir : “My first  colonel, Petain, showed me the meaning of the gift and art of command.”

The analogy of “frying an egg” has been mentioned to

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 3
A number of effective methods for generating new ideas are based on the use of analogies. One of the major difficulties in generating new ideas is to get going. The advantage of an analogy is that it has a life of its own. For instance, in the analogy of going fishing the process is so well known that one moves from one step to another without difficulty: finding time, choosing a stretch of water, perhaps getting a license, preparing the rod and tackle, choosing a position by the water, selecting bait,  changing  bait,  moving  about,  patience,  catching  something,  or  the  fish  that  got  away, fisherman’s stories, and so on.

In using  the analogy  method,  one  translates  the  problem  situation  in  to  an  analogy  and  then develops the analogy in its own right. From time to time, one translates back to the real problem to see  what  would  happen  if  the  process  taking  place  in  the analogy  took  place  in  the  problem situation.  For  instance,  the  fishing  analogy  might  have  been used  in  considering  a  management recruitment  problem.  “Stretch  of  water”  would  now  read  area  of  exploration,  perhaps  campus, perhaps  business  college,  perhaps  other  corporations.  “Bait” would  now  read  salary,  fringe benefits, stock options, promotion prospects, status, responsibility, location, or others.

mouth, and  the  like.  One would  then  come  to  the  point  when  no  fish?  Perhaps  those  waters  were overfished, perhaps the bait was unsuitable, perhaps the weather conditions were not right, perhaps it was a matter of too little patience. One might then consider whether the object of the fishing was sport, the odd chance of getting something really worthwhile, or the need to have some fish to eat. If it was the last, one might consider buying fish from a professional fish catcher, buying frozen fish from a store and spending extra time cooking it, or even changing the menu so that frozen fish fitted in (fresh salmon might dominate a menu but fish fingers would not). Translated back in to the problem situation, this would all mean that if changing the incentives and the search area were unsuccessful,  then  one  ought to  have more patience, or  employ professional search agencies, or decide to spend more time on executive training on the job, or even tailor the job in such a way that exceptional executive talent was no longer required.

Analogies serve as vehicles for processes, functions, relationships, and it is these which are being transferred to the original problem and tried out to see if they fit or what ideas they set off. The natural  development  of  an analogy is quite unrelated  to  the actual problem and  so  it provides a source of discontinuity. The problem is forced (or encouraged) to develop along a line different from its natural development.

The use of an analogy to get a problem moving is quite a different thing from arguing by analogy. No  matter  how  good  the  fit,  the  development  of  an  analogy  can  prove  nothing  about  the development of the problem situation. As usual in lateral thinking, the way one arrives at a new idea can never by itself justify that idea. The idea must stand in its own right.

The Press and the magazines heralded the new machines and processes as

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage2
Each generation sees the Industrial Revolution from a different standpoint. Indeed, it has so many aspects, its manifestations at different times and in different places have varied so much that by the judicious selection of facts it is easy to represent it in very conflicting ways.
Modern historians have shown how slow was the coming of the machine and the factory, and have stressed the fact that the so-called revolution in the eighteenth century was almost confined to cotton and iron; that the date of an invention and its effective use in industry are two very different things; that in 1830 the great majority of workers were still outside the factory system; that some of the evils of transition “and notably the misfortunes of the hand-loom weavers“ were increased because the new methods took so long to establish themselves. By tracking back origins on one hand, and by correcting false notions of the great rapidity of the change on the other, they have corrected the over-insistence on those critical  years, so dear to text-books, between 1760 and 1830. But there is no doubt at all that the time did seem epoch-making to those who lived in it, and in fact was epoch-making.
One might suppose the term revolution as applied to industrial change would have been suggested by the French Revolution. And so it was. Blanqui, the French economist, is said to have been the first to speak of the tindustrial revolution in the early nineteenth century, to show that he thought economic change in England as revolutionary as political change in  France: France had had a political revolution, England an economic one. The idea was developed by Marx, but the term did not come in to general use till Toynbee used it in lectures given in 1881, which were published as The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England.

The writer had not visualized the possibilities of steam, but these had particularly captured the imagination of his contemporaries. When Boswell, that prince of interviewers, visited Soho in 1776, where Boulton and Watt were constructing their steam-engines, Boulton, whom he calls the iron chieftain, said to him ‘I sell here what all the world desires, power.’ Insd 1784 the first balloon ascent was made in England, when Lunardi, secretary to the Neapolitan ambassador, was, as he says, ‘the first aerial traveler in the English atmosphere’. He went up, amidst immense excitement, with a cat as passenger, from the Artillery Garden (close to Bedlam, as sceptics  pointed out), landed the cat which had suffered from the cold – at Ware in Hertfordshire. Men’s minds began to dwell on the possibilities of steam and aerial navigation. Erasmus Darwin, in 1792,  described, with unpoetic precision, the actual achievements of steam.

The giant-Power from earth’s remotest caves lifts with strong arm her dark reluctant waves. Here high in air the rising stream he pours To clay built cisterns, or to lead-line towers: Fresh thro’a thousand pipes the wave distils, And thirsty cities drink the exuberant rills. There the vast mill-stone with inebriate whirl on trembling floors his forceful fingers twirl, Feast without blood! And nourish human-kind.

It may be as well to explain that these lines refer to the pumping of water from coal-mines for drainage and from rivers for the purposes of water-supply – this last was done in London from the Thames. Then comes an evident allusion to the Albion mills built in London by Watt in 1786, with the help of Rennie. Fifty pairs of mill-stones were set in motion by two  engines. It created a sensation and it became the fashion to visit it – to Watt’s annoyance: ‘What have Dukes, Lords and Ladies to do with masquerading in a flour mill?’ he wrote to Boulton. Darwin then went on to prophesy:

Soon shall thy arm, UNCONQUER’D STEAM ! afar Drag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car; Or on wide-waving wings expanded bear The flying-chariot through the fields of air. Fair crews triumphant, leaning from above, Shall wave their fluttering kerchiefs as they move; Or warrior-bands alarm the gaping crowd, And armies shrink beneath the shadowy cloud.

We know how cotton and iron enabled England to resist Napoleon and subsidize her allies. But what is often forgotten is the marvelous way in which the growth of industry and trade mitigated disaster during the American War (1775-83) and was the basis of the wonderful recovery which the country made during the ten years’ peace which ollowed. As a modern historian has said,

According to the author, the main reason why an analogy may work better to solve a problem is

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 3
A number of effective methods for generating new ideas are based on the use of analogies. One of the major difficulties in generating new ideas is to get going. The advantage of an analogy is that it has a life of its own. For instance, in the analogy of going fishing the process is so well known that one moves from one step to another without difficulty: finding time, choosing a stretch of water, perhaps getting a license, preparing the rod and tackle, choosing a position by the water, selecting bait,  changing  bait,  moving  about,  patience,  catching  something,  or  the  fish  that  got  away, fisherman’s stories, and so on.

In using  the analogy  method,  one  translates  the  problem  situation  in  to  an  analogy  and  then develops the analogy in its own right. From time to time, one translates back to the real problem to see  what  would  happen  if  the  process  taking  place  in  the analogy  took  place  in  the  problem situation.  For  instance,  the  fishing  analogy  might  have  been used  in  considering  a  management recruitment  problem.  “Stretch  of  water”  would  now  read  area  of  exploration,  perhaps  campus, perhaps  business  college,  perhaps  other  corporations.  “Bait” would  now  read  salary,  fringe benefits, stock options, promotion prospects, status, responsibility, location, or others.

mouth, and  the  like.  One would  then  come  to  the  point  when  no  fish?  Perhaps  those  waters  were overfished, perhaps the bait was unsuitable, perhaps the weather conditions were not right, perhaps it was a matter of too little patience. One might then consider whether the object of the fishing was sport, the odd chance of getting something really worthwhile, or the need to have some fish to eat. If it was the last, one might consider buying fish from a professional fish catcher, buying frozen fish from a store and spending extra time cooking it, or even changing the menu so that frozen fish fitted in (fresh salmon might dominate a menu but fish fingers would not). Translated back in to the problem situation, this would all mean that if changing the incentives and the search area were unsuccessful,  then  one  ought to  have more patience, or  employ professional search agencies, or decide to spend more time on executive training on the job, or even tailor the job in such a way that exceptional executive talent was no longer required.

Analogies serve as vehicles for processes, functions, relationships, and it is these which are being transferred to the original problem and tried out to see if they fit or what ideas they set off. The natural  development  of  an analogy is quite unrelated  to  the actual problem and  so  it provides a source of discontinuity. The problem is forced (or encouraged) to develop along a line different from its natural development.

The use of an analogy to get a problem moving is quite a different thing from arguing by analogy. No  matter  how  good  the  fit,  the  development  of  an  analogy  can  prove  nothing  about  the development of the problem situation. As usual in lateral thinking, the way one arrives at a new idea can never by itself justify that idea. The idea must stand in its own right.

According to the passage,

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 3
A number of effective methods for generating new ideas are based on the use of analogies. One of the major difficulties in generating new ideas is to get going. The advantage of an analogy is that it has a life of its own. For instance, in the analogy of going fishing the process is so well known that one moves from one step to another without difficulty: finding time, choosing a stretch of water, perhaps getting a license, preparing the rod and tackle, choosing a position by the water, selecting bait,  changing  bait,  moving  about,  patience,  catching  something,  or  the  fish  that  got  away, fisherman’s stories, and so on.

In using  the analogy  method,  one  translates  the  problem  situation  in  to  an  analogy  and  then develops the analogy in its own right. From time to time, one translates back to the real problem to see  what  would  happen  if  the  process  taking  place  in  the analogy  took  place  in  the  problem situation.  For  instance,  the  fishing  analogy  might  have  been used  in  considering  a  management recruitment  problem.  “Stretch  of  water”  would  now  read  area  of  exploration,  perhaps  campus, perhaps  business  college,  perhaps  other  corporations.  “Bait” would  now  read  salary,  fringe benefits, stock options, promotion prospects, status, responsibility, location, or others.

mouth, and  the  like.  One would  then  come  to  the  point  when  no  fish?  Perhaps  those  waters  were overfished, perhaps the bait was unsuitable, perhaps the weather conditions were not right, perhaps it was a matter of too little patience. One might then consider whether the object of the fishing was sport, the odd chance of getting something really worthwhile, or the need to have some fish to eat. If it was the last, one might consider buying fish from a professional fish catcher, buying frozen fish from a store and spending extra time cooking it, or even changing the menu so that frozen fish fitted in (fresh salmon might dominate a menu but fish fingers would not). Translated back in to the problem situation, this would all mean that if changing the incentives and the search area were unsuccessful,  then  one  ought to  have more patience, or  employ professional search agencies, or decide to spend more time on executive training on the job, or even tailor the job in such a way that exceptional executive talent was no longer required.

Analogies serve as vehicles for processes, functions, relationships, and it is these which are being transferred to the original problem and tried out to see if they fit or what ideas they set off. The natural  development  of  an analogy is quite unrelated  to  the actual problem and  so  it provides a source of discontinuity. The problem is forced (or encouraged) to develop along a line different from its natural development.

The use of an analogy to get a problem moving is quite a different thing from arguing by analogy. No  matter  how  good  the  fit,  the  development  of  an  analogy  can  prove  nothing  about  the development of the problem situation. As usual in lateral thinking, the way one arrives at a new idea can never by itself justify that idea. The idea must stand in its own right.

“The army remained a state within a state”. By this the author implies that

Directions:  Read the passage and answer the question based on the contents of the passage.
Passage 4
The  best  graduates  of  Saint-Cyr  were  given  the choice  of  their  first  appointment.  Charles  de Gaulle had also won that right, and he now faced the question: where should he begin his service? Traditionally, the most prestigious service was cavalry, and last on this scale, as everywhere, was long-suffering infantry. However strange that may seem at first glance, our junior lieutenant chose precisely  the  thankless  lot  of  an  infantryman.  Moreover,  he  decided  to  serve  in  that  very  33rd Infantry Regiment at Arras where he had gone through his service in the ranks. Charles de Gaulle would  always surprise everyone  by his  unexpected decisions,  but this  one  was  not  as  rash  as  it might  seem.  Picturesque cavalry  inevitably  lost its  former  glory  in  the epoch  of  mass  use  of machine-guns  while artillery was  regarded  as  a  kind of  auxiliary service  in  France;  but infantry remained  the  main  striking  force called  upon  to perform  those  really  great  deeds  of  which  de Gaulle dreamed. True, there were also the particularly fashionable Navy and aviation, which was then coming in to being. But these services required highly specialized training.

Finally, Charles de Gaulle knew, of course, that the newly appointed commander of 33rd  Infantry was Philippe Petain, well known in the army not only for his obstreperousness and frictions with his superiors, which adversely affected  his career, but also for his critical attitude to the official military doctrine. Petain was extremely conservative. Ignoring the new law segregating the church from  the  state,  he  openly  encouraged officers  to  attend  Mass  regularly.  In  any  case  he  had  the reputation  of  an  intelligent,  energetic,  and  exacting  officer  who  could be a  good  teacher  of  the military craft.

The  moment  came  when  the  raw  young  officer,  his  fresh  epaulets  glittering,  reported  to  his colonel.  The  22-year-old  junior  lieutenant,  black  eyed,  very tall,  stood  for  the  first time  face  to face with the 56-year-old  colonel ironically looking at him with his pale blue eyes. De Gaulle’s destiny would for a long time be linked with Petain…

The Young officer who would serve for many years under Colonel (later Marshall) Petain would feel great respect for his patron. It is interesting that even after Petain’s disgrace at the end, when he became France’s traitor, de Gaulle would retain something of that feeling. He would write in his memoir : “My first  colonel, Petain, showed me the meaning of the gift and art of command.”