Homoserine kinase is coded by gene thrB. It converts homoserine to homoserine phosphate.

Candida utilis is used to ferment sulfite liquor. It can ferment pentosans which is present in waste sulfite liquor.

Corynebacterium species,when cultured with ammonia and carbohydrates from sugar beets, sugar cane, tapioca or molasses, excrete amino acids into a culture broth from which L-glutamate is isolated.

During the biosynthesis of penicillin, L-cysteine is added first to alpha-aminoadipic acid to obtain alpha-aminoadipic acid- L-cysteine complex, which in 3 stages yield beta-lactam ring.

Aspergillus sojae is used in soy sauce preparation. It is responsible for umami constituents of soy sauce.

The yield of vitamin B₁₂ increases when the medium is supplemented with betaine. The usual source of betaine is sugar beet molasses.

α-amylase called "Termamyl", sourced from Bacillus licheniformis, is used in some detergents, especially dishwashing and starch-removing detergents.

Isopropanol or methanol is added to stop the reaction. It kills the bacteria and also helps in the precipitation of xanthan gum.

Intermittent addition of lime helps to neutralise the acid and to promote a good yield of calcium lactate.

This is true. Zymomonas mobilis has higher sugar uptake and ethanol yield (up to 2.5 times higher)

Benzene is used as a separating agent in the downstream processing of ethanol production. It is used in distillation process to obtain pure ethanol.

Rhizopus arrhizus is used to introduce O₂ at 11^th position of steroid nucleus.

Ketogulonicigenium vulgare produces ascorbic acid from L-sorbosone.

Yakult contains 6.5 billion unique probiotic called 'Lactobacillus casei' in each bottle. The bacteria in Yakult are resistant to gastric juice and bile juice, and reach the intestine alive to give health benefits.

In Biotransformation, glucose is first converted into D-ribose by mutant strains of Bacillus pumilus. This D-ribose is converted into riboflavin by chemical reactions.