Codominant traits are the ones in which both alleles are expressed when the phenotype is heterozygous. In the case of the ABO blood type system, A and B are codominant. They are also completely dominant over O.

The somatic cells in human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes

Yes, it is correct. The complete set of genes within an organism’s genome is called a genotype.

For any offspring to be recessive, each parent must have at least one p.

It is the nail present on the toe.

Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory (ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny) claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' entire evolutionary development, or phylogeny.

Horowitz proposed the theory that life originated in the ocean in the form of naked genes.

Yes, it is correct. This pulling of neck for food was found in the giraffes of dry and arid deserts of Africa.

Balanoglossus represents a connecting link between non-chordates and chordates.

Wings of a bat and a bird have different structures and components. Wings of bats are skin folds stretched between elongated fingers, but wings of birds are a feathery covering all along the arm. They look similar because they have a common use for flying, but their origins are not common. Hence, they are analogous organs.

This is a definition of principle of independent assortment. The genes that determine a trait assort independently of the genes for other traits. That is how new combinations of genes are possible.

Hominids or homo habilis were human-like creatures and these later evolved into homo erectus who were meat eaters. Later, homo sapiens made their appearance and had several advanced features.

Charles Darwin, who gave the concept of natural selection-based evolution, also advocated the pangenesis concept for heredity.

Prodigality of reproduction, struggle for existence and survival of the fittest are the basic concepts of Darwin's theory of natural selection.

The process of origination of life on Earth was experimentally shown by Urey and Miller.