Photo-oxidation is the degradation of a polymer surface in the presence of oxygen or ozone. The effect is facilitated by radiant energy, such as UV or artificial light. This process is the most significant factor in weathering of polymers. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats and nucleic acids are all polymers.

A triple-stranded DNA is a structure of DNA in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix. One strand binds to a B-form DNA double helix through Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds. The triple helix is a partial binding to one of the strands, where the other strand maintains the Watson-Crick pairing. The formation of triple helix is favoured when there are stretches of oligopurines/pyrimidines in a DNA.

Epimers are the structures that differ only at one position in their configuration. Glucose and mannose are epimers but they differ at 2' C position.

The pH of the medium will have its effect on a enzyme-catalysed reaction in one or the other form. The options B and C define the action of protons on the dissociating groups and substrate. Availability of H⁺ will enhance the ionising ability and therefore, will affect the direction of reaction. It is obvious for protein to get partially denatured during the process when pH fluctuates.

The pitch of the alpha-helix is 5.4 Å or 0.54 nm, which is equal to 1.5 (translation height) * 3.6 (residues in one turn). Therefore, the length of 153 amino acid protein will be 153/.54 = 283 nm.

The pitch of the alpha-helix is 5.4 Å or 0.54 nm, which is equal to 1.5 (translation height) * 3.6 (residues in one turn). Therefore, the length of 153 amino acid protein will be 153/.54 = 283 nm

Oleic acid and cholesterol are uncharged species but have components, which are hydrophobic and others which are hydrophillic. Phosphatidylcholine has a +ve charge on N and a -ve on P, which makes it an amphipathic compound.

Before sequencing of peptides using mass spectrometry and after purification of peptides from the mixture, peptides need to be cleaved by different enzymes in order to have standardized sequencing. 

The Ca⁺⁺ channel in the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum is also an IP3 receptor and therefore, an increase in IP3 will enhance the activity of the channel, resulting in increased efflux of ions.

Both the chlorophylls have similar structures but they do differ in their compositions, which cause the adaptability in different scenarios. From the given formula, it can be estimated that Chl-a has two more H and an O less than Chl-b. Therefore, CHO is present in Chl-b.

Amongst the above, mass spectrometery is used to sequence or analyse the peptide sequence, while all others are used to purify peptides or proteins.

The given statements are nothing but examples of self-organisation in biological systems. Self-organisation is a process, where some form of global order or coordination arises out of the local interactions between the components of an initially disordered system.

The hydrogen bonding in the water molecules is the cause of flexibility of the liquid and the same is the reason for water being solid in ice state.

Carbon is the most essential element of life as every hydrocarbon that constitutes life on Earth comprises of carbon; be it nucleic Acids, proteins, lipids or carbohydrates. It is considered to be the very first element formed in the tree of life. Indeed carbon is found in greenhouse gases, coal, tar and other poisonous substances like cyanide, but this does not support the fact of carbon being the building block of life.  

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant, which prevents production of reactive O during fat synthesis. If this is permitted, the fats will be destroyed that will lead to shedding of myelin sheath: spinocerebellar ataxia. Vitamin D causes rickets due to lack of cholecalciferol. Deficiency of B₃(niacin) causes slower metabolic rates and eventually pellagra. Vitamin K, which is found in abundance in green leafy vegetables, is essentially required for post-translational modification. It is known as phylloquinone and its deficiency causes blood related issues.