ARPANET was the network that became the basis for the Internet. Based on a concept first published in 1967, ARPANET was developed under the direction of the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). In 1969, the idea became a modest reality with the interconnection of four university computers.

The ping command is used to verify that a device can communicate with another on a network. This command is used to find out whether the peer host/ gateway is reachable.

An IP address is a unique string of numbers separated by periods that identifies each computer attached to the Internet.

It is the study of the general physical characteristics of rocks. The lithology of a rock unit is a description of its physical characteristics visible at outcrop, in hand or core samples or with low magnification microscopy.

Electronic commerce or ecommerce is a term for any type of business, or commercial transaction that involves the transfer of information across the Internet. It covers a range of different types of businesses from consumer based retail sites, through auction or music sites to business exchanges trading goods and services between corporations. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the Internet to emerge.

Employment News was launched, with the blessings of former Prime Minister, late Smt. Indira Gandhi, in 1976. Its prime objective was to provide an effective platform on job vacancies, job oriented training programmes, admission notices relating to job oriented courses and result of recruitment examinations.

Semantics is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, like words, phrases and signs.

Generally, all liquids expand on heating but water is an exception to this rule. If water is heated, its volume gradually decreases. (This decrease in volume continues till the temperature rises to 4 °C.) At temperatures over 4 °C water starts expanding. It then keeps expanding with the further rise in temperature, till finally at 100 °C it turns into steam.

7=R; 4=E; 1=A; 3=U; 5=T; Hence the code 74135 stands for REAUT as per the given rule.

The series is formed as : 1²,2³, 3², 4³, 5², 6³, 7²,8³, 9² and so on, i.e., taking the square and cube of odd and even numbers respectively. 

UX is the odd one in the given series as all other pairs are separated by one alphabet while U and X are separated by two alphabets.

Wild animals live in a JUNGLE. But as per the language rules given, a jungle is called a VILA. Hence, wild animals live in a VILA.

A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC) is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. Smart cards are made of plastic.

Each alphabet in the word is replaced by the previous alphabet.  In the word CARROM, C is replaced by the previous alphabet B, A by Z, R by Q, O by N and M by L respectively. Following this rule, H is replaced by I, O by P, M by L and E by F. Hence, IPLF is the required code.

Lightning is a flash of light created by electric discharge.  It is caused by an imbalance between positive and negative charges. It is extremely bright for a brief moment in time even at great distances.