more positive because the pressure potential becomes more positive

more positive because the osmotic potential becomes more negative

more negative because the pressure potential becomes more negative

less negative because the pressure potential becomes more positive

P

S

P and Q

P and R

soak the seeds to remove inhibitors

break the seeds to remove inhibitors

germinate the seeds under red light to promote germination

none of these

Site of perception of vernalisation stimulus is stem apex.

Vernalisation does not induce flowering but prepares the plants for flowering.

Low temperature affects germination.

Genetic makeup is not changed by the cold temperature treatment.

It involves the protein pigment phytochrome.

It is only important at the seedling stage of plant development.

It is affected by red, far-red and blue light.

It can be defined as light-dependent changes in plant growth and development.

P, Q and R

P, R and S

P, Q and S

Q, R and S

All NH₄⁺ seems to be converted first into the amide group of glutamine.

Conversion of organic nitrogen to NH₄⁺ by soil microbes is called ammonification.

Cl^– is required for photochemical reaction involved in photolysis of water.

Plant roots absorb ions as well as the salts.

It promotes elongation of stems and root, especially in dicot.

Its biosynthesis involves the enzyme ACC synthase.

It promotes flowering in Bromeliads (the pineapple family).

It enhances lateral or radial expansion of cell.

P and Q

P and S

Q, R and S

P, Q, R and S

It applies pressure to push ions outside the cell.

It applies pressure to push ions into the cell.

It expends energy to transport ions against the concentration gradient.

Its roots grow around soil particles trapping the ions in a cell.

O¹⁸

C¹⁴

C¹¹

N¹⁴

malic acid

aspartic acid

oxaloacetic acid

phosphoenol pyruvic acid

Stunted growth

Increased radial expansion of cells of the stem

Loss of gravity perception

Unfolding of the apical hook of the seedling

GAA

IBA

NAA

2, 4 – D

Auxins – Responsible for apical dominance

Abscisic acid – Regulates the rate of transpiration

Cytokinins – Delay senescence

Gibberellins – Promote bud and seed dormancy