The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialised countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing dangerous anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system.

Ex-post facto research is a systematic, empirical inquiry in which the scientist does not have direct control of independent variables because their manifestations have already occurred or because they are inherently not manipulated.

Email spoofing is the creation of email messages with a forged sender address - something which is simple to do because the core protocols do no authentication.

Accidental sampling - members of the population are chosen based on their relative ease of access. It is a non-probability based method of sampling.

Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms known as allotropes of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the atoms of the element are bonded together in a different manner. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.

Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.

This is the layer above the mesosphere. It contains electrically conducting particles. Hence, it is useful for radio communication.

Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

IGNOU is the largest university in the world with 3,500,000 students. It is a distance learning national university located in IGNOU road, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi, India.

The constitution of India provides that the Chief Justice of India shall act as the President of India in the event of the offices of both the President and the Vice President being vacant.

The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The President is the formal head of the executive, legislature and judiciary of India, and is the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces.

A longitudinal study is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time — often many decades.

A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. An oft-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses 192.0.43.10 (IPv4) and 2001:500:88:200::10 (IPv6).

Virtual memory is a memory management technique developed for multitasking kernels. This technique virtualizes the main storage available to a process or task, as a contiguous address space which is unique to each running process, or virtualizes the main storage available to all processes or tasks on the system as a contiguous global address space.