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Ecology

Description: GATE: Life Sciences: Zoology: Ecology
Number of Questions: 20
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Tags: Ecology Identifying the Type of Proportion in a Given Situation
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Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) is an air pollutant. From where is it released?

  1. Metal & chemical industries

  2. Coal mine

  3. Paper mills

  4. Automobile exhaust

  5. Industrial source

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Cloud Condensation Nuclei is a major air pollutant, which is released from paper mills.

What are the two components of ecosystem?

  1. Flora & fauna

  2. Plants & animals

  3. Biotic & abiotic

  4. Trees & wild plants

  5. Producers & consumers

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

1) The two major components of ecosystem are biotic & abiotic factors. Abiotic components are light, temperature, moisture, salinity, PH, soil & biotic components are producers, consumers & decomposers.

In ecology, the term “Carrying capacity” means:

  1. capability of carrying by a group of individual at a given space

  2. the size of population that can be sustained indefinitely on available environmental resources

  3. the power of tolerance

  4. ability to take action in favor of nature for survival

  5. the ability of carrying by an individual

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Carrying capacity is the size of population that can be sustained indefinitely or for long period on available environmental resources & services provided from that ecosystem. It is controlled by amount of available resources in the environment, size of population in that particular ecosystem & amount of resources each individual posseses.

Correctly match the following pairs given in two columns: Column-I Column-II

  1. Clostridium A. Fixes nitrogen
  2. Yeast B. Produces muscular paralysis
  3. Myxomycetes C. group of fungi that form mutual beneficial relation with other plants
  4. Rhizobium D. causes conversion of carbohydrates to carbon dioxide & alcohol
  5. Mycorrhizae E. have both dry & wet spores

  1. 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D, 5E

  2. 1B, 2D, 3E, 4A, 5C

  3. 1C, 2A, 3B, 4E, 5D

  4. 1D, 2C, 3A, 4B, 5E

  5. 1E, 2A, 3D, 4C, 5B

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Clostridium is rod-shaped bacteria that is toxic in nature & causes flabby muscular paralysis; yYeast is eukaryotic microorganism (fungi) used in fermentation to convert carbohydrates to carbon dioxide & alcohol; myxomycetes are found in forest areas on dead leaves & have both dry & wet spores; Rhizobium is gram-negative bacterium of soil that helps in nitrogen fixing; Mycorrhizae are the group of fungi that form mutual beneficial relation with other plants.

In a newly grown pond or lake, the development of similar biotic communities is called hydrosere. What are the sucession stages of hydrosere?

  1. primary, secondary & finally matured

  2. Seed Germination, development of vegetation, flowering & seed- development of fruits, matured plants

  3. Preparing and completing compost, spawning, casing, pinning and cropping

  4. Phytoplankton, rooted submerged, floating, reed-swamp, sedge meadow, woodland and climax stage

  5. Germination, seedling, growth of vegetation, preflowering followed by flowering and finally seed

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Phytoplankton stage is composed of pioneers or primary colonizers, which include green algae, blue-green algae, diatoms, bacteria. In rooted submerged stage at the bottom of such water bodies, soft mud is formed due to diminution & decomposition of phytoplankton. In floating stage, the root of the plants are fixed firmly and leaves float at the surface of water. In reed-swamp stage, though the plants are rooted but most parts of their young branches are uncovered & exposed to environment. In sedge meadow stage, water level is decreased rapidly due to excess transpiration & the soft mud portion begins to expose. In woodland stage, it becomes dry over the time. Forest stage is ultimate stage where dense vegetation is developed forming dense forest.

One of the most harmful effects of global warming is:

  1. decay of different materials like modern buildings, statues, roads due to rising temperature

  2. hurricanes become more frequent & stronger

  3. increased rate of green house gases in air, which forms large hole in ozone (O3) layer

  4. earth is tilted at angle 23.50

  5. warming up of the environment due to increase in the use of fossil fuel in different industries

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The most harmful effects of global warming is increased rate of green house gases in air that results in formation of a large hole in ozone (O3) layer called O3-hole.

What is environmental degradation?

  1. It is the process of cutting large trees for fuel, wood and most importantly paper products.

  2. It is the process which strongly affects land by reducing its effective functioning & productive capability.

  3. Effect due to some undesirable changes in the physical, chemical & biological characteristics of soil.

  4. It is the process of deterioration of the environment due to depletion of the natural resources like air, water & soil.

  5. It is the destruction of a population at a given region.

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Environmental degradation is the process of deterioration of the  environment due to depletion of natural resources like air, water & soil. It leads to the destruction of the entire ecosystem & diminution of wildlife.

Carbon cycle was discovered by:

  1. Tansley

  2. Charles Elton

  3. Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier

  4. Carl Wilhelm Scheele

  5. Clarke

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Carbon cycle was discovered by Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier. Later it was popularized by Humphry Davy.

What is niche?

  1. It defines our physical surroundings like air, water bodies, soil and all the organisms such as plants, animals, human beings and micro-organisms like bacteria.

  2. It describes the relational place occupied by a species or a population in its ecosystem.

  3. It defines physical space occupied as well as functional role played by an organism in the community.

  4. It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors.

  5. It defines the physical environment or the place where an organism lives or is found.

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The term niche describes the relational place occupied by a species or a population in its ecosystem.

Match the following items given in two columns: Column-I Column-II

  1. Renewable energy A. Soil fertility
  2. Non- Reusable B. Solar energy
  3. Non-renewable energy C. Forests & wild life
  4. Reusable D. Coal & natural gas
  5. Immutable E. Nuclear energy

  1. 1D, 2A, 3E, 4B, 5C

  2. 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D, 5E

  3. 1E, 2C, 3B, 4E, 5A

  4. 1B, 2E, 3D, 4C, 5A

  5. 1C, 2D, 3A, 4E, 5B

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Renewable energy (solar energy) can be recovered with change in time, either by biological process or by some other natural methods. Non-reusable component is nuclear energy that cannot be used further. Non-renewable energy (coal & natural gas) is the one without sustainable yield. Reusable components are forests & wild life, which can be used for indefinite period of time at a sustainable rate. Immutable (soil fertility) means that is unable to change or unalterable.

Match the following two columns: Column-I Column-II

  1. Obligatory Parasites A. Constant water
  2. Symbiosis B. Slow growth phase
  3. Neritic zone C. They survive within a host & directly pass from one to the another
  4. Facultative parasites D. interaction between two biological species for their survival
  5. Lag phase E. free living & accidentally infect a host

  1. 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D, 5E

  2. 1B, 2A, 3E, 4C, 5D

  3. 1C, 2D, 3A, 4E, 5B

  4. 1D, 2C, 3D, 4A, 5B

  5. 1E, 2A, 3B, 4C, 5D

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Obligatory parasites survive within a host & directly pass from one to another,e.g.,  Trichomonas. Symbiosis is an animal association, an interaction between two biological species for their survival. In Neritic zone, water is constant. Facultative parasites are free living & accidentally infect a host. Lag phase is the slow growth phase.

What do you mean by secondary succession?

Ecological succession is the process of changes in the species structure of an ecological community over time. Within any community some species may become less abundant over some time, or they may even disappear from the ecosystem. Similarly, over some time interval, other species within the community may become more abundant, or new species may appear in the community from adjacent ecosystems.

  1. It defines the dominant organisms that are autotrophs, and it starts in an inorganic environment.

  2. It starts on a substance where there are no living organisms.

  3. It establishes that the causative factor behind succession is not the community itself but the physical surrounding.

  4. It describes the phenomenon whereby the organisms of a community modify the environment in such a way that the community itself is replaced by a new one.

  5. It begins on a substratum where there was living organism previously but has diminished due to some natural disaster.

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Secondary succession begins on a substratum where there was living organism previously but has diminished due to some natural disaster, e.g., grass -> shrub -> trees -> oak hickory forest. Secondary succession is much more commonly observed and studied than primary succession.

Which of the following gases was emitted in Bhopal tragedy?

  1. Chlorofluoro Carbon (CFC)

  2. Ethane

  3. Nitrous oxide

  4. Methyl isocynate

  5. Peroxyacetyl nitrate

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Methyl isocynate was emitted in Bhopal tragedy. Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is an organic compound having molecular formula CH3NCO. MIC happens to be the intermediate chemical in the production of carbamate pesticides. MIC is also employed in the manufacturing of rubbers and adhesives. It is a highly toxic and irritating material. MIC is enormously dangerous to human health. In Bhopal disaster, it killed nearly 8,000 people instantly and around 20,000 people died due to its delayed lethal effects.

What is niche width?

In ecology, a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or population in its ecosystem to each other; The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors and how it in turn alters those same factors. It can be of different types: Fundamental niche, Realized niche, Ecological niche, Spatial Niche, Trophic niche.

  1. It defines the range of population that responds to the distribution of resources.

  2. It refers to the variety of physical environment or the place where an organism lives.

  3. It refers to the differentiation of niche to avoid competition.

  4. It refers to the range of resources that an organism can use.

  5. Variety of population at a given region.

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Niche-Width refers to the range of resources that an organism can use. For exp: the coefficient of variation in bill-width was found to be greater in island population of 6 species of birds (Paras sp.) than in main land population.

What is actually meant by the term fundamental niche?

In ecology, a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or population in its ecosystem to each other; The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors and how it in turn alters those same factors. It can be of different types: Fundamental niche, Realized niche, Ecological niche, Spatial Niche, Trophic niche.

  1. It refers to an actual niche space occupied by organisms exposed to competition.

  2. It is the ultimate distributional unit within which no two species in the same general territory can occupy for long the same ecological niche.

  3. It represents niche in terms of functional status of organisms in community.

  4. It is the physical space occupied by organisms.

  5. Fundamental niche can be defined as a niche that the species can occupy when the species are not restricted by degree of competition and predation.

Show answer
Correct Option: E
Explanation:

Fundamental niche is used to define the maximum abstractly inhabited hypervolume that a species can occupy when it is not limited by predation or competition.

What is the actual reason behind this depletion?

Ozone gas absorbs the UV-radiation of Sun and gets converted into oxygen (O2). This prevents mutagenic activities of UV-radiation of the living world. So, ozone layer is indispensible to safe life & the depletion of ozone layer due to manmade activities could be catastrophic.

  1. Excessive contamination of different environmental resources

  2. Construction of building and continuous civilization

  3. Many modern techniques which result in degradation & environmental pollution

  4. Production and release of CFC (chlorofluorocarbons) from different industrial chemicals

  5. Exhaust fumes of automobiles & radioactive contamination of air

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The actual reason behind this depletion is the production & release of CFC (chlorofluorocarbons) from different industrial chemicals. The use of CFC cannot be controlled as it is extremely valuable, useful & extensively used in industry (as refrigerants & aerosol propellants).

What is plant succession?

Ecological succession is the process of changes in the species structure of an ecological community over time. Within any community some species may become less abundant over some time, or they may even disappear from the ecosystem. Similarly, over some time interval, other species within the community may become more abundant, or new species may appear in the community from adjacent ecosystems.

  1. It includes the plants that develop themselves for the first time on a surface.

  2. It begins as soon as a land area capable of supporting plant life is formed.

  3. Successive development of plants.

  4. It includes dominant plants which are heterotrophs; and it starts in an organic environment, where the energy and organic matter gradually decrease.

  5. It is the change in the species structure of an ecological community of a plant species.

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Plant succession begins as soon as a land area capable of supporting plant life is formed. Natural vegetation of a particular location evolves in a series of steps involving different plant communities. Plant succession usually begins with a simple community known as a pioneer community.

What is the most dangerous consequence of this ozone depletion?

Ozone gas absorbs the UV-radiation of Sun and gets converted into oxygen (O2). This prevents mutagenic activities of UV-radiation of the living world. So, ozone layer is indispensible to safe life & the depletion of ozone layer due to manmade activities could be catastrophic.

  1. Lung cancer, throat cancer & nicotine deposition on enamel of teeth

  2. Skin cancer

  3. Melting of glacier ice & rising of warmer sea water causes expansion of sea level

  4. Damages in different parts of trees like loss of leaves, harm in bark and retarded growth

  5. Partial loss of hearing & loss of air cells from organ of corti

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Small amount (1%) of O3-depletion causes huge amount (2%) of UV-radiation enter the planet. The most dangerous consequences of this depletion is skin-cancer. It is estimated that by the year 2075 around 60 million Americans will get affected by this fatal disease, i.e., skin-cancer.

What is detritus food chain?

Grazing food chain supplements energy to the ecosystem. It imposes inorganic nutrients. Detritus food chain obtains food energy from the detritus & prevents its loss. It helps in emitting inorganic nutrients for cycling.

  1. Transmission of energy from one trophic level to the next.

  2. Detritus food chain starts with organic matter that are no longer alive & move through the detritus feeding organisms in land to those organisms which are detritus feeders.

  3. Graphical representation of trophic structure & functions at consecutive trophic level.

  4. Various interconnected food chains through which food energy is transmitted to the ecosystem.

  5. It is the chain of debris.

Show answer
Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Detritus food chain starts with organic matter that are no longer alive & move through the detritus feeding organisms in land to those organisms which are detritus feeders.

What is grazing food chain?

Grazing food chain supplements energy to the ecosystem. It imposes inorganic nutrients. Detritus food chain obtains food energy from the detritus & prevents its loss. It helps in emitting inorganic nutrients for cycling.

  1. Food chain made by grazing animals.

  2. Number of different related food chains where the food energy is passed to the ecosystem.

  3. It begins with green vegetation & transfers to herbivorous primary consumers & ultimately ends with carnivores.

  4. It is the transmission of energy by grazing animals.

  5. It is a chain of different food items for grazing animals.

Show answer
Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Grazing food chain begins with green vegetation & transfers to herbivorous primary consumers & ultimately ends with carnivores.

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