Which of the following is not true according to the author?

1. Whatever impacted the Euro zone impacted the whole world
   1. Financial sector crisis of the US left the world economy in tatters
   2. US and Euro zones are the two economic superpowers of the world
   3. Sovereign debt crisis is the worst crisis to have hit the world

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

The global economy has witnessed two macro economic crises in the last three years shattering the entire gamut of economic growth parameters across the world. Crisis number one is the banking crisis after the fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and crisis number two is the on-going sovereign debt crisis of the European Union. The commonality between the two is that they originated in two major economic super power zones: the first one in USA and the second one in EU and thereafter percolated to other parts of the world impacting the growth forces of the world economy. However, the two are different in nature in as much as the US crisis originated from financial sector fall out popularly known as the sub-prime crisis and the EU sovereign debt crisis originated from fiscal fallout. Much has already been written about the financial sector crisis of US. The Sovereign debt crisis of EU is still like hot potato and therefore more pertinent for a detailed discussion.
The crux of the EU sovereign debt crisis was rooted in the Greek debt crisis. The Greek economy was one of the fastest growing economies in the euro zone from 2000 to 2007; during that period it grew at an annual rate of 4.2% as foreign capital flooded the country. A strong economy and falling bond yields allowed the government to run large structural deficits. Successive governments for years had been customarily running large deficits to Finance public sector jobs, pensions, and other social benefits. Since 1993 the ratio of debt to GDP had remained above 100%. After the introduction of euro in January 2001, Greece was initially able to borrow due to the lower interest rates government bonds commanded. Many member countries including Greece borrowed from the rest of the world, especially from the member nations, huge sums by issuing sovereign securities deliberately keeping yields low. But it failed to repay the coupon and the principal when the securities became due for redemption. To obfuscate the simmering problem from public gaze, it further borrowed issuing fresh securities.
The Greek government bond market relied on foreign investors, with some estimates suggesting that up to 70% of Greek government bonds were held externally. The late-2000s financial crisis that began in 2007 made a severe impact on Greece. Two of the country’s largest industries are tourism and shipping, and both were badly affected by the downturn with revenues falling 15% in 2009. Estimated tax evasion costs the Greek government over $20 billion per year.
As the majority of outstanding debt of Greece is held by other member nations, default of Greece resulted in loss to the member countries. Greece’s debt crisis led to instability in euro, the common currency of EU. There are fears of public debt crises spreading to other EU nations. After the fiscal crisis of Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain also suffered the similar crisis, though to a lesser extent. To stem the rot, European leaders announced a $1 trillion bailout package in collaboration with IMF. EU Finance ministers pledged to tighten penalties on countries with runaway fiscal deficits. One of the problems facing the euro countries is the disagreement between Greece and the trio of rescuers, EU, IMF and ECB, over the conditions of bail out. The bail-out package will be available subject to the condition that the beneficiary country will have to go for fiscal austerity in terms of reducing fiscal deficit. This could lead to the imposition of additional taxation and curbing corruption and tax evasion. The measures will lead to tje cooling down of industrial growth and increasing of unemployment. Hence, the public at large in Greece are up in arms against the conditions of the second bail-out package. (Excerpted from PNB Monthly Review of Jan 12)

According to the author, what of the following cannot be attributed as the chief reason for this sovereign debt crisis originating in Greece?

1. Reliance of Greek government bonds on foreign investors and its failure to redeem the bonds contributed to this crisis in the main.
   
2. It originated in Greece because its economy was one of the fastest growing economies of the world.
3. Greece had incurred huge losses in tourism and shipping and was unable to honour its external debt commitments.
4. It originated in Greece because this sovereign debt crisis was actually rooted in the Greek debt crisis.

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

The global economy has witnessed two macro economic crises in the last three years shattering the entire gamut of economic growth parameters across the world. Crisis number one is the banking crisis after the fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and crisis number two is the on-going sovereign debt crisis of the European Union. The commonality between the two is that they originated in two major economic super power zones: the first one in USA and the second one in EU and thereafter percolated to other parts of the world impacting the growth forces of the world economy. However, the two are different in nature in as much as the US crisis originated from financial sector fall out popularly known as the sub-prime crisis and the EU sovereign debt crisis originated from fiscal fallout. Much has already been written about the financial sector crisis of US. The Sovereign debt crisis of EU is still like hot potato and therefore more pertinent for a detailed discussion.
The crux of the EU sovereign debt crisis was rooted in the Greek debt crisis. The Greek economy was one of the fastest growing economies in the euro zone from 2000 to 2007; during that period it grew at an annual rate of 4.2% as foreign capital flooded the country. A strong economy and falling bond yields allowed the government to run large structural deficits. Successive governments for years had been customarily running large deficits to Finance public sector jobs, pensions, and other social benefits. Since 1993 the ratio of debt to GDP had remained above 100%. After the introduction of euro in January 2001, Greece was initially able to borrow due to the lower interest rates government bonds commanded. Many member countries including Greece borrowed from the rest of the world, especially from the member nations, huge sums by issuing sovereign securities deliberately keeping yields low. But it failed to repay the coupon and the principal when the securities became due for redemption. To obfuscate the simmering problem from public gaze, it further borrowed issuing fresh securities.
The Greek government bond market relied on foreign investors, with some estimates suggesting that up to 70% of Greek government bonds were held externally. The late-2000s financial crisis that began in 2007 made a severe impact on Greece. Two of the country’s largest industries are tourism and shipping, and both were badly affected by the downturn with revenues falling 15% in 2009. Estimated tax evasion costs the Greek government over $20 billion per year.
As the majority of outstanding debt of Greece is held by other member nations, default of Greece resulted in loss to the member countries. Greece’s debt crisis led to instability in euro, the common currency of EU. There are fears of public debt crises spreading to other EU nations. After the fiscal crisis of Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain also suffered the similar crisis, though to a lesser extent. To stem the rot, European leaders announced a $1 trillion bailout package in collaboration with IMF. EU Finance ministers pledged to tighten penalties on countries with runaway fiscal deficits. One of the problems facing the euro countries is the disagreement between Greece and the trio of rescuers, EU, IMF and ECB, over the conditions of bail out. The bail-out package will be available subject to the condition that the beneficiary country will have to go for fiscal austerity in terms of reducing fiscal deficit. This could lead to the imposition of additional taxation and curbing corruption and tax evasion. The measures will lead to tje cooling down of industrial growth and increasing of unemployment. Hence, the public at large in Greece are up in arms against the conditions of the second bail-out package. (Excerpted from PNB Monthly Review of Jan 12)

Bothcrises impacted the world economy in no uncertain terms. Both originated from economy related issues. Yet, both are different because

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

The global economy has witnessed two macro economic crises in the last three years shattering the entire gamut of economic growth parameters across the world. Crisis number one is the banking crisis after the fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and crisis number two is the on-going sovereign debt crisis of the European Union. The commonality between the two is that they originated in two major economic super power zones: the first one in USA and the second one in EU and thereafter percolated to other parts of the world impacting the growth forces of the world economy. However, the two are different in nature in as much as the US crisis originated from financial sector fall out popularly known as the sub-prime crisis and the EU sovereign debt crisis originated from fiscal fallout. Much has already been written about the financial sector crisis of US. The Sovereign debt crisis of EU is still like hot potato and therefore more pertinent for a detailed discussion.
The crux of the EU sovereign debt crisis was rooted in the Greek debt crisis. The Greek economy was one of the fastest growing economies in the euro zone from 2000 to 2007; during that period it grew at an annual rate of 4.2% as foreign capital flooded the country. A strong economy and falling bond yields allowed the government to run large structural deficits. Successive governments for years had been customarily running large deficits to Finance public sector jobs, pensions, and other social benefits. Since 1993 the ratio of debt to GDP had remained above 100%. After the introduction of euro in January 2001, Greece was initially able to borrow due to the lower interest rates government bonds commanded. Many member countries including Greece borrowed from the rest of the world, especially from the member nations, huge sums by issuing sovereign securities deliberately keeping yields low. But it failed to repay the coupon and the principal when the securities became due for redemption. To obfuscate the simmering problem from public gaze, it further borrowed issuing fresh securities.
The Greek government bond market relied on foreign investors, with some estimates suggesting that up to 70% of Greek government bonds were held externally. The late-2000s financial crisis that began in 2007 made a severe impact on Greece. Two of the country’s largest industries are tourism and shipping, and both were badly affected by the downturn with revenues falling 15% in 2009. Estimated tax evasion costs the Greek government over $20 billion per year.
As the majority of outstanding debt of Greece is held by other member nations, default of Greece resulted in loss to the member countries. Greece’s debt crisis led to instability in euro, the common currency of EU. There are fears of public debt crises spreading to other EU nations. After the fiscal crisis of Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain also suffered the similar crisis, though to a lesser extent. To stem the rot, European leaders announced a $1 trillion bailout package in collaboration with IMF. EU Finance ministers pledged to tighten penalties on countries with runaway fiscal deficits. One of the problems facing the euro countries is the disagreement between Greece and the trio of rescuers, EU, IMF and ECB, over the conditions of bail out. The bail-out package will be available subject to the condition that the beneficiary country will have to go for fiscal austerity in terms of reducing fiscal deficit. This could lead to the imposition of additional taxation and curbing corruption and tax evasion. The measures will lead to tje cooling down of industrial growth and increasing of unemployment. Hence, the public at large in Greece are up in arms against the conditions of the second bail-out package. (Excerpted from PNB Monthly Review of Jan 12)

Why did this crisis which was essentially the Greek debt crisis spread to other countries and become sovereign debt crisis? (a) Most of these countries that were affected by sovereign debt crisis were the members of Euro Zone. (b) Most of these countries that were affected by sovereign debt crisis used the common currency Euro. (c) Most of these countries borrowed from one another and failed in unison when it came to redeeming their bonds they had borrowed against. (d) It is no longer possible to live in isolation. Although the crisis originated in Greece, it spread to other countries because they were all economically interlinked.

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

The global economy has witnessed two macro economic crises in the last three years shattering the entire gamut of economic growth parameters across the world. Crisis number one is the banking crisis after the fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and crisis number two is the on-going sovereign debt crisis of the European Union. The commonality between the two is that they originated in two major economic super power zones: the first one in USA and the second one in EU and thereafter percolated to other parts of the world impacting the growth forces of the world economy. However, the two are different in nature in as much as the US crisis originated from financial sector fall out popularly known as the sub-prime crisis and the EU sovereign debt crisis originated from fiscal fallout. Much has already been written about the financial sector crisis of US. The Sovereign debt crisis of EU is still like hot potato and therefore more pertinent for a detailed discussion.
The crux of the EU sovereign debt crisis was rooted in the Greek debt crisis. The Greek economy was one of the fastest growing economies in the euro zone from 2000 to 2007; during that period it grew at an annual rate of 4.2% as foreign capital flooded the country. A strong economy and falling bond yields allowed the government to run large structural deficits. Successive governments for years had been customarily running large deficits to Finance public sector jobs, pensions, and other social benefits. Since 1993 the ratio of debt to GDP had remained above 100%. After the introduction of euro in January 2001, Greece was initially able to borrow due to the lower interest rates government bonds commanded. Many member countries including Greece borrowed from the rest of the world, especially from the member nations, huge sums by issuing sovereign securities deliberately keeping yields low. But it failed to repay the coupon and the principal when the securities became due for redemption. To obfuscate the simmering problem from public gaze, it further borrowed issuing fresh securities.
The Greek government bond market relied on foreign investors, with some estimates suggesting that up to 70% of Greek government bonds were held externally. The late-2000s financial crisis that began in 2007 made a severe impact on Greece. Two of the country’s largest industries are tourism and shipping, and both were badly affected by the downturn with revenues falling 15% in 2009. Estimated tax evasion costs the Greek government over $20 billion per year.
As the majority of outstanding debt of Greece is held by other member nations, default of Greece resulted in loss to the member countries. Greece’s debt crisis led to instability in euro, the common currency of EU. There are fears of public debt crises spreading to other EU nations. After the fiscal crisis of Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain also suffered the similar crisis, though to a lesser extent. To stem the rot, European leaders announced a $1 trillion bailout package in collaboration with IMF. EU Finance ministers pledged to tighten penalties on countries with runaway fiscal deficits. One of the problems facing the euro countries is the disagreement between Greece and the trio of rescuers, EU, IMF and ECB, over the conditions of bail out. The bail-out package will be available subject to the condition that the beneficiary country will have to go for fiscal austerity in terms of reducing fiscal deficit. This could lead to the imposition of additional taxation and curbing corruption and tax evasion. The measures will lead to tje cooling down of industrial growth and increasing of unemployment. Hence, the public at large in Greece are up in arms against the conditions of the second bail-out package. (Excerpted from PNB Monthly Review of Jan 12)

What, according to the passage, is not an obstacle in the way of a bail-out package?

1. Imposition of additional taxation.
2. Imposition of fiscal austerity.
3. Reducing of fiscal deficit.
4. Curbing of corruption and tax evasion.

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

The global economy has witnessed two macro economic crises in the last three years shattering the entire gamut of economic growth parameters across the world. Crisis number one is the banking crisis after the fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008 and crisis number two is the on-going sovereign debt crisis of the European Union. The commonality between the two is that they originated in two major economic super power zones: the first one in USA and the second one in EU and thereafter percolated to other parts of the world impacting the growth forces of the world economy. However, the two are different in nature in as much as the US crisis originated from financial sector fall out popularly known as the sub-prime crisis and the EU sovereign debt crisis originated from fiscal fallout. Much has already been written about the financial sector crisis of US. The Sovereign debt crisis of EU is still like hot potato and therefore more pertinent for a detailed discussion.
The crux of the EU sovereign debt crisis was rooted in the Greek debt crisis. The Greek economy was one of the fastest growing economies in the euro zone from 2000 to 2007; during that period it grew at an annual rate of 4.2% as foreign capital flooded the country. A strong economy and falling bond yields allowed the government to run large structural deficits. Successive governments for years had been customarily running large deficits to Finance public sector jobs, pensions, and other social benefits. Since 1993 the ratio of debt to GDP had remained above 100%. After the introduction of euro in January 2001, Greece was initially able to borrow due to the lower interest rates government bonds commanded. Many member countries including Greece borrowed from the rest of the world, especially from the member nations, huge sums by issuing sovereign securities deliberately keeping yields low. But it failed to repay the coupon and the principal when the securities became due for redemption. To obfuscate the simmering problem from public gaze, it further borrowed issuing fresh securities.
The Greek government bond market relied on foreign investors, with some estimates suggesting that up to 70% of Greek government bonds were held externally. The late-2000s financial crisis that began in 2007 made a severe impact on Greece. Two of the country’s largest industries are tourism and shipping, and both were badly affected by the downturn with revenues falling 15% in 2009. Estimated tax evasion costs the Greek government over $20 billion per year.
As the majority of outstanding debt of Greece is held by other member nations, default of Greece resulted in loss to the member countries. Greece’s debt crisis led to instability in euro, the common currency of EU. There are fears of public debt crises spreading to other EU nations. After the fiscal crisis of Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain also suffered the similar crisis, though to a lesser extent. To stem the rot, European leaders announced a $1 trillion bailout package in collaboration with IMF. EU Finance ministers pledged to tighten penalties on countries with runaway fiscal deficits. One of the problems facing the euro countries is the disagreement between Greece and the trio of rescuers, EU, IMF and ECB, over the conditions of bail out. The bail-out package will be available subject to the condition that the beneficiary country will have to go for fiscal austerity in terms of reducing fiscal deficit. This could lead to the imposition of additional taxation and curbing corruption and tax evasion. The measures will lead to tje cooling down of industrial growth and increasing of unemployment. Hence, the public at large in Greece are up in arms against the conditions of the second bail-out package. (Excerpted from PNB Monthly Review of Jan 12)

The power which a senior scientist exercises on his junior comrade is due to

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – II

The young scientist in India is an endangered species. The threat comes from the predatory habits of a more evolved species that is the senior scientist.

An Indian university teacher in a letter to the international science journal Nature wrote plaintively. Thesis supervisors take undue credit for the work of their protégés. A young scientist needs the goodwill and support of the scientist-in-power at every step: for completion and continuation of his work, for participation in national and international meetings and research projects, for recognition and reward and for promotion. This support is available but at a price. The price often is the sharing of credit. A worthwhile research paper or a project originating from a humble scientist would often end up with the scientist-in-power as the principal author or investigator.

The power of the senior scientist over his junior stems from the fact that science is the only profession in the world which is self-assessing. Unlike in the bureaucracy or the military where the top authority vests with non- professionals, a scientist's work can be overseen and evaluated only by fellow scientists.

Fortunately for the scientists, support for science is a badge of honour for nations aspiring to modernity. That is why the government which normally would not pay the piper unless it can call the tune, happily makes an exception in the case of science. A government would set up and fund a scientific laboratory and in a spirit of self-negation recede into the background after giving the scientists the keys to the till.

It is noteworthy that science and society operate on different principles. Society values continuity, stability and security, and turns to the past for guidance and support. Science, on the other hand, aspires to instability. It aims at creating something that did not exist before. It seeks a break with the past with an eye on the future. Any modern institution of governance must incorporate a network of checks and balances. In bureaucratic administration, these checks and balances are converted into obstacles and dead-ends, and stability is obtained through stagnancy. As a reaction to it, with a view to giving science establishments dynamism, administrative checks and balances are almost entirely dispensed with, and scientists given a free hand.

It is an irony that in today's world, feudalism can be sustained only in the administration of a modern scientific research centre. One must, however, not be unfair to the feudal lords of yesteryears whose conduct had the sanction of the times. Neo-feudalism is pernicious because it is anachronistic; it can be sustained only by a subversion of the system in the hands of the people who are entrusted with the task of upholding it.

If we define professionalism as the realisation that an institution ranks higher than an individual and that the collective goal is more important than individual ego, it must be admitted that we are an unprofessional people. It is wrong in principle to give any individual a larger- than-the-institution image. This philosophy becomes all the more debilitating, because recently there has been an alarming decline in the quality of leadership in science as in other walks of life. Under these circumstances, if a chief executive is to be projected as the master of an institution rather than its servant, this can be done only by degrading the institution. If a scientific laboratory or an institute is seen as an extension of a personality, it cannot develop any tradition which can be a source of inspiration to new entrants. It is no coincidence that in India as well as abroad, the most prestigious scientific institutes and departments are those where the name of the institution is more important than that of the individuals heading or controlling it.

According to the definition of professionalism given by the author

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – II

The young scientist in India is an endangered species. The threat comes from the predatory habits of a more evolved species that is the senior scientist.

An Indian university teacher in a letter to the international science journal Nature wrote plaintively. Thesis supervisors take undue credit for the work of their protégés. A young scientist needs the goodwill and support of the scientist-in-power at every step: for completion and continuation of his work, for participation in national and international meetings and research projects, for recognition and reward and for promotion. This support is available but at a price. The price often is the sharing of credit. A worthwhile research paper or a project originating from a humble scientist would often end up with the scientist-in-power as the principal author or investigator.

The power of the senior scientist over his junior stems from the fact that science is the only profession in the world which is self-assessing. Unlike in the bureaucracy or the military where the top authority vests with non- professionals, a scientist's work can be overseen and evaluated only by fellow scientists.

Fortunately for the scientists, support for science is a badge of honour for nations aspiring to modernity. That is why the government which normally would not pay the piper unless it can call the tune, happily makes an exception in the case of science. A government would set up and fund a scientific laboratory and in a spirit of self-negation recede into the background after giving the scientists the keys to the till.

It is noteworthy that science and society operate on different principles. Society values continuity, stability and security, and turns to the past for guidance and support. Science, on the other hand, aspires to instability. It aims at creating something that did not exist before. It seeks a break with the past with an eye on the future. Any modern institution of governance must incorporate a network of checks and balances. In bureaucratic administration, these checks and balances are converted into obstacles and dead-ends, and stability is obtained through stagnancy. As a reaction to it, with a view to giving science establishments dynamism, administrative checks and balances are almost entirely dispensed with, and scientists given a free hand.

It is an irony that in today's world, feudalism can be sustained only in the administration of a modern scientific research centre. One must, however, not be unfair to the feudal lords of yesteryears whose conduct had the sanction of the times. Neo-feudalism is pernicious because it is anachronistic; it can be sustained only by a subversion of the system in the hands of the people who are entrusted with the task of upholding it.

If we define professionalism as the realisation that an institution ranks higher than an individual and that the collective goal is more important than individual ego, it must be admitted that we are an unprofessional people. It is wrong in principle to give any individual a larger- than-the-institution image. This philosophy becomes all the more debilitating, because recently there has been an alarming decline in the quality of leadership in science as in other walks of life. Under these circumstances, if a chief executive is to be projected as the master of an institution rather than its servant, this can be done only by degrading the institution. If a scientific laboratory or an institute is seen as an extension of a personality, it cannot develop any tradition which can be a source of inspiration to new entrants. It is no coincidence that in India as well as abroad, the most prestigious scientific institutes and departments are those where the name of the institution is more important than that of the individuals heading or controlling it.

What is the primary purpose of the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

PASSAGE – III

Given the burgeoning Oil Pool Account deficits, the Government had its task cut out: it had to grapple with the sensitive oil prices issue without further delay. There was no alternative to finding a system that insulates (to an extent) consumers without causing undue hardship to the fiscal. The new arrangement can only be a halfway house, to be refined over time. The eventual goal must be to evolve a system that balances the often conflicting interests of all the stakeholders in this critical sector. Of special importance is the functioning of the public sector oil companies that have been saddled with the twin tasks of taking on global competition and meeting social commitments within India. In the era of supposedly decontrolled prices, they were asked to subsidise two products of mass consumption — LPG and kerosene. It is politically clear that the arrangement will continue into the foreseeable future. What is more, the new arrangement itself calls attention to the fact that managerial autonomy for the oil companies remains a distant goal. In the recent past, they bore the brunt of high oil prices without being able to pass it on to consumers. That along with the burden of cross–subsidies on LPG and kerosene has eroded their profitability. For now, at any rate, there does not seem to be a better method of cushioning the impact of global oil prices.

What, as per the passage, should not discourage a student pursuing the course on news editing?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Journalism students and perhaps the public in general, have a tendency to emphasize the reportorial function. That is entirely understandable when it is considered that the reporter is the newspaper representative the public sees. In mythology, if not in fact, he is the movie character with the fearless approach, the loud voice and manner, the porkpie hat, the dangling cigarette. Furthermore, his work is frequently recognized with bylines. The reporter has a chance, at least, to become a public personality.
The copy desk role is an anonymous one. “The man in the green eyeshade” is not only virtually unknown to the public, his job is often underestimated in the newspaper office itself. A volunteer escort taking some visitors through the New York Herald Tribunehesitated at the copy desk. “This is where they write headlines, and—fix things,” he said.
This, as a matter of fact, was not a bad description, if lacking in detail.
There is no intention here to underestimate the importance of the reporter. A great newspaper is an impossibility without great reporters. No newspaper, no matter how brilliantly presented, can  rise above the solid core of fact, astutely gathered, carefully checked, and clearly written, that is the most important single ingredient of the press.
But bad editing can nullify good reporting. And bad copy desk management can take the edge off brilliant news gathering by constricting its presentation, both in the way it is written and in its typographical presentation. Copy editing and make up, most would say, are the basic principles of newspaper work, though it could be added that copy editing is basic to communications in general. Wherever language is employed to communicate to a mass audience, some sort of copyreader is essential. The basic skills in newspaper editing are valuable assets to the communications technician in the fields of advertising, radio, television, magazines, trade journals, public relations, books, movies, etc.
In all these areas, competence to improve the flow and meaningfulness of language, to safeguard accuracy, and to present the finished product in an attractive package is at a high premium. A good newspaper copy editor with sufficient flexibility in his makeup can carry his skill into any of these fields.
The student, therefore, who is required to pursue a course in news editing, should not let the fact that the course has a newspaper orientation discourage him. If he makes the most of the opportunity to acquire real skill, that skill will pay off in any branch of journalism.

What, according to the passage, is the most visible part of journalism?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Journalism students and perhaps the public in general, have a tendency to emphasize the reportorial function. That is entirely understandable when it is considered that the reporter is the newspaper representative the public sees. In mythology, if not in fact, he is the movie character with the fearless approach, the loud voice and manner, the porkpie hat, the dangling cigarette. Furthermore, his work is frequently recognized with bylines. The reporter has a chance, at least, to become a public personality.
The copy desk role is an anonymous one. “The man in the green eyeshade” is not only virtually unknown to the public, his job is often underestimated in the newspaper office itself. A volunteer escort taking some visitors through the New York Herald Tribunehesitated at the copy desk. “This is where they write headlines, and—fix things,” he said.
This, as a matter of fact, was not a bad description, if lacking in detail.
There is no intention here to underestimate the importance of the reporter. A great newspaper is an impossibility without great reporters. No newspaper, no matter how brilliantly presented, can  rise above the solid core of fact, astutely gathered, carefully checked, and clearly written, that is the most important single ingredient of the press.
But bad editing can nullify good reporting. And bad copy desk management can take the edge off brilliant news gathering by constricting its presentation, both in the way it is written and in its typographical presentation. Copy editing and make up, most would say, are the basic principles of newspaper work, though it could be added that copy editing is basic to communications in general. Wherever language is employed to communicate to a mass audience, some sort of copyreader is essential. The basic skills in newspaper editing are valuable assets to the communications technician in the fields of advertising, radio, television, magazines, trade journals, public relations, books, movies, etc.
In all these areas, competence to improve the flow and meaningfulness of language, to safeguard accuracy, and to present the finished product in an attractive package is at a high premium. A good newspaper copy editor with sufficient flexibility in his makeup can carry his skill into any of these fields.
The student, therefore, who is required to pursue a course in news editing, should not let the fact that the course has a newspaper orientation discourage him. If he makes the most of the opportunity to acquire real skill, that skill will pay off in any branch of journalism.

Which of the following cannot be said to have emanated from the passage?

1. There is an exaggerated emphasis on the reportorial function.
2. Headlines are a very important ingredient of a newspaper.
3. Copy desk role being anonymous is the least important function in a newspaper.

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Journalism students and perhaps the public in general, have a tendency to emphasize the reportorial function. That is entirely understandable when it is considered that the reporter is the newspaper representative the public sees. In mythology, if not in fact, he is the movie character with the fearless approach, the loud voice and manner, the porkpie hat, the dangling cigarette. Furthermore, his work is frequently recognized with bylines. The reporter has a chance, at least, to become a public personality.
The copy desk role is an anonymous one. “The man in the green eyeshade” is not only virtually unknown to the public, his job is often underestimated in the newspaper office itself. A volunteer escort taking some visitors through the New York Herald Tribunehesitated at the copy desk. “This is where they write headlines, and—fix things,” he said.
This, as a matter of fact, was not a bad description, if lacking in detail.
There is no intention here to underestimate the importance of the reporter. A great newspaper is an impossibility without great reporters. No newspaper, no matter how brilliantly presented, can  rise above the solid core of fact, astutely gathered, carefully checked, and clearly written, that is the most important single ingredient of the press.
But bad editing can nullify good reporting. And bad copy desk management can take the edge off brilliant news gathering by constricting its presentation, both in the way it is written and in its typographical presentation. Copy editing and make up, most would say, are the basic principles of newspaper work, though it could be added that copy editing is basic to communications in general. Wherever language is employed to communicate to a mass audience, some sort of copyreader is essential. The basic skills in newspaper editing are valuable assets to the communications technician in the fields of advertising, radio, television, magazines, trade journals, public relations, books, movies, etc.
In all these areas, competence to improve the flow and meaningfulness of language, to safeguard accuracy, and to present the finished product in an attractive package is at a high premium. A good newspaper copy editor with sufficient flexibility in his makeup can carry his skill into any of these fields.
The student, therefore, who is required to pursue a course in news editing, should not let the fact that the course has a newspaper orientation discourage him. If he makes the most of the opportunity to acquire real skill, that skill will pay off in any branch of journalism.

Which of the following best describes the approach of the author?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

Journalism students and perhaps the public in general, have a tendency to emphasize the reportorial function. That is entirely understandable when it is considered that the reporter is the newspaper representative the public sees. In mythology, if not in fact, he is the movie character with the fearless approach, the loud voice and manner, the porkpie hat, the dangling cigarette. Furthermore, his work is frequently recognized with bylines. The reporter has a chance, at least, to become a public personality.
The copy desk role is an anonymous one. “The man in the green eyeshade” is not only virtually unknown to the public, his job is often underestimated in the newspaper office itself. A volunteer escort taking some visitors through the New York Herald Tribunehesitated at the copy desk. “This is where they write headlines, and—fix things,” he said.
This, as a matter of fact, was not a bad description, if lacking in detail.
There is no intention here to underestimate the importance of the reporter. A great newspaper is an impossibility without great reporters. No newspaper, no matter how brilliantly presented, can  rise above the solid core of fact, astutely gathered, carefully checked, and clearly written, that is the most important single ingredient of the press.
But bad editing can nullify good reporting. And bad copy desk management can take the edge off brilliant news gathering by constricting its presentation, both in the way it is written and in its typographical presentation. Copy editing and make up, most would say, are the basic principles of newspaper work, though it could be added that copy editing is basic to communications in general. Wherever language is employed to communicate to a mass audience, some sort of copyreader is essential. The basic skills in newspaper editing are valuable assets to the communications technician in the fields of advertising, radio, television, magazines, trade journals, public relations, books, movies, etc.
In all these areas, competence to improve the flow and meaningfulness of language, to safeguard accuracy, and to present the finished product in an attractive package is at a high premium. A good newspaper copy editor with sufficient flexibility in his makeup can carry his skill into any of these fields.
The student, therefore, who is required to pursue a course in news editing, should not let the fact that the course has a newspaper orientation discourage him. If he makes the most of the opportunity to acquire real skill, that skill will pay off in any branch of journalism.