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Reading Comprehension Test - 8

Description: Reading Comprehension Test - 8
Number of Questions: 12
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Tags: Reading Comprehension Test - 8 Reading Comprehension Reading Comprehension (New) Inference Main Idea Inference-based Questions
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Some of the prime infirmities that the passage seems to suffer from are because

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:


A philosopher once remarked that the difference between a bee and an architect is that the architect, unlike the bee, erects a structure in the mind before translating it into reality. Human civilization has taken considerable time to attain the stage of the architect. However, having got there, the contours of human evolution are determined by a continuous clash of ideas in all spheres of endeavor. The philosophical divide between materialism and idealism is often erroneously portrayed as matter versus mind. It is, in fact, a battle between the mind or consciousness as the highest form of matter and consciousness independent of the human body and, in that sense, cosmic in nature. While advances in modern science from astrophysics micro-genetic engineering reconfirm the former, the battle between sects of ideas, or ideology, continues to shape advances in every field. The answer to Descarte’s famous postulate ‘I think, therefore, I am’ is ‘I am, therefore, I think’.      
Ideology represents the structure of ideas that seeks to influence the course of human development. It not merely remains relevant, but also becomes pivotal in shaping the future. Presuming that the goal of humanity is to seek emancipation from all forms of bondage, the realization of that quest lies in Marxism.
Marxism is unique in that it can be transcended only when its agenda is realized. This is because its understanding of capitalism is by itself thorough enough for it to comprehend the historical possibilities that lie beyond it. Hence Marxism will be rendered superfluous only when capitalism, the object of its analysis, is itself superseded.
Put another way, the uniqueness of Marxism lies in the fact that all so-called theoretical advances, which supposedly render it obsolete, actually represent throwbacks to still earlier theories superseded by it. Alternatively, these are exaggerations of some particular aspects inherent in Marxism, but dressed in a new garb. These should properly be assimilated within Marxism. ‘Post-modernist’ or ‘post-Marxist’ theories which, at their best, emphasize a moral–ethical stance on social issues, represent pre-Marxist notions of social reformism, egalitarianism or progressive interventionism. On the other hand, certain reformist theories like Keynesianism, based on insights into the functioning of the capitalist economy, unknowingly recall insights actually contained in though not adequately developed within Marxism. It is not surprising that the Polish economist Michael Kalecki, by training an engineer whose only introduction to economics was Marx’s Capital, independently arrived at the so-called Keynesian Revolution.
Marx was not unique on account of subjective qualities that made him superior to other thinkers. What was remarkable was his approach to the analysis of capitalism and the unearthing of certain tendencies that he said were ‘immanent’ in capitalist social relations. The capitalist systems function in a manner that is not merely independent of the will and consciousness of its participants. Indeed, it makes the participants, whether capitalists or workers, victims of ‘alienation’ and mere personifications of the elements through which its inherent logic works itself out.

 

  1. the author has taken far too many things for granted

  2. the conclusions are largely based on presumptions

  3. the author does not subject Marxism to scrutiny

  4. the author has proceeded with certain preconceived notions about Marxism

  5. the author has written this piece in a supercilious manner


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

(1) It's true. The author has taken far too many things for granted and this does not make reading very rewarding, though it may not be termed as infirmity. (2) This is a major infirmity the passage seems to suffer from. Everything is presumed and on the basis of those presumptions, the author draws his conclusions. (3) That is mainly because he has based his conclusions on presumptions leaving little scope for subjecting anything to scrutiny. (4) True and he seems out to sell the idea of Marxism without dealing with the matter in a more balanced manner. (5) The author is presumptive, takes too many things for granted; but whether he is also supercilious, it would be hard to say. Besides, it does not relate to the matter at hand.

The author says Marxism will become superfluous only when capitalism is superseded. What does he want to say?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:


A philosopher once remarked that the difference between a bee and an architect is that the architect, unlike the bee, erects a structure in the mind before translating it into reality. Human civilization has taken considerable time to attain the stage of the architect. However, having got there, the contours of human evolution are determined by a continuous clash of ideas in all spheres of endeavor. The philosophical divide between materialism and idealism is often erroneously portrayed as matter versus mind. It is, in fact, a battle between the mind or consciousness as the highest form of matter and consciousness independent of the human body and, in that sense, cosmic in nature. While advances in modern science from astrophysics micro-genetic engineering reconfirm the former, the battle between sects of ideas, or ideology, continues to shape advances in every field. The answer to Descarte’s famous postulate ‘I think, therefore, I am’ is ‘I am, therefore, I think’.      
Ideology represents the structure of ideas that seeks to influence the course of human development. It not merely remains relevant, but also becomes pivotal in shaping the future. Presuming that the goal of humanity is to seek emancipation from all forms of bondage, the realization of that quest lies in Marxism.
Marxism is unique in that it can be transcended only when its agenda is realized. This is because its understanding of capitalism is by itself thorough enough for it to comprehend the historical possibilities that lie beyond it. Hence Marxism will be rendered superfluous only when capitalism, the object of its analysis, is itself superseded.
Put another way, the uniqueness of Marxism lies in the fact that all so-called theoretical advances, which supposedly render it obsolete, actually represent throwbacks to still earlier theories superseded by it. Alternatively, these are exaggerations of some particular aspects inherent in Marxism, but dressed in a new garb. These should properly be assimilated within Marxism. ‘Post-modernist’ or ‘post-Marxist’ theories which, at their best, emphasize a moral–ethical stance on social issues, represent pre-Marxist notions of social reformism, egalitarianism or progressive interventionism. On the other hand, certain reformist theories like Keynesianism, based on insights into the functioning of the capitalist economy, unknowingly recall insights actually contained in though not adequately developed within Marxism. It is not surprising that the Polish economist Michael Kalecki, by training an engineer whose only introduction to economics was Marx’s Capital, independently arrived at the so-called Keynesian Revolution.
Marx was not unique on account of subjective qualities that made him superior to other thinkers. What was remarkable was his approach to the analysis of capitalism and the unearthing of certain tendencies that he said were ‘immanent’ in capitalist social relations. The capitalist systems function in a manner that is not merely independent of the will and consciousness of its participants. Indeed, it makes the participants, whether capitalists or workers, victims of ‘alienation’ and mere personifications of the elements through which its inherent logic works itself out.

 

  1. Marxism has come to stay.

  2. Marxism will never outlive its utility.

  3. Marxism & capitalism will exist conterminously.

  4. Marxism will never become superfluous.


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

(1) There is an implied meaning to that effect, but no more than that. (2) Although this too could be the implied meaning, the thrust of his argument leads to this. (3) The twain shall never meet, but will be forced to exist conterminously. The clue can be found in the first line of the third paragraph where the author says “Marxism is unique in that it can be transcended only when its agenda is realized.” The author is sure it's a never-ending quest, though he does say so in as many words. The conclusion is—both Marxism and Capitalism will have to live together and answers this (4) Marxism will never go as the author believes capitalism will never be superseded. (5) As capitalism will not be superseded, Marxism will also not become superfluous.

According to the passage what separates bees from humans is

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:


A philosopher once remarked that the difference between a bee and an architect is that the architect, unlike the bee, erects a structure in the mind before translating it into reality. Human civilization has taken considerable time to attain the stage of the architect. However, having got there, the contours of human evolution are determined by a continuous clash of ideas in all spheres of endeavor. The philosophical divide between materialism and idealism is often erroneously portrayed as matter versus mind. It is, in fact, a battle between the mind or consciousness as the highest form of matter and consciousness independent of the human body and, in that sense, cosmic in nature. While advances in modern science from astrophysics micro-genetic engineering reconfirm the former, the battle between sects of ideas, or ideology, continues to shape advances in every field. The answer to Descarte’s famous postulate ‘I think, therefore, I am’ is ‘I am, therefore, I think’.      
Ideology represents the structure of ideas that seeks to influence the course of human development. It not merely remains relevant, but also becomes pivotal in shaping the future. Presuming that the goal of humanity is to seek emancipation from all forms of bondage, the realization of that quest lies in Marxism.
Marxism is unique in that it can be transcended only when its agenda is realized. This is because its understanding of capitalism is by itself thorough enough for it to comprehend the historical possibilities that lie beyond it. Hence Marxism will be rendered superfluous only when capitalism, the object of its analysis, is itself superseded.
Put another way, the uniqueness of Marxism lies in the fact that all so-called theoretical advances, which supposedly render it obsolete, actually represent throwbacks to still earlier theories superseded by it. Alternatively, these are exaggerations of some particular aspects inherent in Marxism, but dressed in a new garb. These should properly be assimilated within Marxism. ‘Post-modernist’ or ‘post-Marxist’ theories which, at their best, emphasize a moral–ethical stance on social issues, represent pre-Marxist notions of social reformism, egalitarianism or progressive interventionism. On the other hand, certain reformist theories like Keynesianism, based on insights into the functioning of the capitalist economy, unknowingly recall insights actually contained in though not adequately developed within Marxism. It is not surprising that the Polish economist Michael Kalecki, by training an engineer whose only introduction to economics was Marx’s Capital, independently arrived at the so-called Keynesian Revolution.
Marx was not unique on account of subjective qualities that made him superior to other thinkers. What was remarkable was his approach to the analysis of capitalism and the unearthing of certain tendencies that he said were ‘immanent’ in capitalist social relations. The capitalist systems function in a manner that is not merely independent of the will and consciousness of its participants. Indeed, it makes the participants, whether capitalists or workers, victims of ‘alienation’ and mere personifications of the elements through which its inherent logic works itself out.

 

  1. the ability of humans to think and form ideas

  2. the mechanical and stereotyped ways of bees' life

  3. the ability of humans to evaluate while no such ability is bestowed on the bees

  4. while humans take time to attain a stage, bees are not constrained by time factor


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

(1) The writer draws a parallel between bees and humans (architect). There is, therefore, need for assimilation of information on both. It is not enough to say a thing or two about one protagonist and stay quiet on the other. (2) The same applies here too. There is mention about the mechanical and stereotyped ways of bees' life, but no mention about the other protagonist. (3) Humans evaluate a thing before embarking on any given task. There is no such perceived ability bestowed on the bees. The key word is 'evaluation'. It involves mental exercise of thinking, sifting and forming of ideas—a quality that separates bees from humans according to the passage. (4) A work of evaluation could be a time consuming exercise. It is natural that attaining a stage would take time. Since bees do not evaluate, they are not constrained by time factor. (5) Bees have no ideas; as such there is no clash. Humans have ideas, so they clash.

Even a cursory glance through the passage shows that some of the assumptions made by the author are appalling. What appears to be the most appalling of them all?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:


A philosopher once remarked that the difference between a bee and an architect is that the architect, unlike the bee, erects a structure in the mind before translating it into reality. Human civilization has taken considerable time to attain the stage of the architect. However, having got there, the contours of human evolution are determined by a continuous clash of ideas in all spheres of endeavor. The philosophical divide between materialism and idealism is often erroneously portrayed as matter versus mind. It is, in fact, a battle between the mind or consciousness as the highest form of matter and consciousness independent of the human body and, in that sense, cosmic in nature. While advances in modern science from astrophysics micro-genetic engineering reconfirm the former, the battle between sects of ideas, or ideology, continues to shape advances in every field. The answer to Descarte’s famous postulate ‘I think, therefore, I am’ is ‘I am, therefore, I think’.      
Ideology represents the structure of ideas that seeks to influence the course of human development. It not merely remains relevant, but also becomes pivotal in shaping the future. Presuming that the goal of humanity is to seek emancipation from all forms of bondage, the realization of that quest lies in Marxism.
Marxism is unique in that it can be transcended only when its agenda is realized. This is because its understanding of capitalism is by itself thorough enough for it to comprehend the historical possibilities that lie beyond it. Hence Marxism will be rendered superfluous only when capitalism, the object of its analysis, is itself superseded.
Put another way, the uniqueness of Marxism lies in the fact that all so-called theoretical advances, which supposedly render it obsolete, actually represent throwbacks to still earlier theories superseded by it. Alternatively, these are exaggerations of some particular aspects inherent in Marxism, but dressed in a new garb. These should properly be assimilated within Marxism. ‘Post-modernist’ or ‘post-Marxist’ theories which, at their best, emphasize a moral–ethical stance on social issues, represent pre-Marxist notions of social reformism, egalitarianism or progressive interventionism. On the other hand, certain reformist theories like Keynesianism, based on insights into the functioning of the capitalist economy, unknowingly recall insights actually contained in though not adequately developed within Marxism. It is not surprising that the Polish economist Michael Kalecki, by training an engineer whose only introduction to economics was Marx’s Capital, independently arrived at the so-called Keynesian Revolution.
Marx was not unique on account of subjective qualities that made him superior to other thinkers. What was remarkable was his approach to the analysis of capitalism and the unearthing of certain tendencies that he said were ‘immanent’ in capitalist social relations. The capitalist systems function in a manner that is not merely independent of the will and consciousness of its participants. Indeed, it makes the participants, whether capitalists or workers, victims of ‘alienation’ and mere personifications of the elements through which its inherent logic works itself out.

 

  1. That emancipation from all forms of bondage lies in Marxism.

  2. That Marx was superior to all other thinkers.

  3. That Marxism will become superfluous only when capitalism is superseded.

  4. That Marxism will be transcended only when its agenda is realized.

  5. That all other theories that seek to replace Marxism are inherent in it.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

(1) Appalling indeed. This is one of those assumptions that have found few takers outside Marxism. (2) So appalling that one may not be ready to take it even with a pinch of salt. The choice must lie between 2 and 5. While all the averments made are highly presumptuous and therefore appalling, 2 contains the kernel of it all. By branding Marx superior to all other thinkers including Plato whom the author alludes to in the opening paragraph, the author appears to have crossed all barriers. Hence, it is the most appalling of them all. (3) A highly polemical statement and also very appalling. (4) Another polemical statement that could also be called appalling. (5) One of the most appalling statements to have been made.

Why does the author say ‘We are a nation of the hypocrites’? How is it demonstrated, if at all?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

After India became independent, one angry citizen asked Nehru as to what the difference was between the regime they had overthrown and the one they had ushered in. That he was able to speak to the prime minister of the nation in this manner was the difference between the two regimes, Nehru replied, politely.
What Nehru said was the essence of democracy. In a democracy, one should be able to voice one’s concern on any matter without fear or favor. As long as this element is present, there is no danger to democracy.
After over half a century if we are able to give an affirmative answer to this question, we may claim to be on the right track. If not, something is definitely amiss. But mere expression of it is not enough unless it seems to have been heard where it was intended to be heard in the first place; and is not merely heard, but necessary remedial action is taken wherever and whenever feasible and desirable. In other words, in a democracy public opinion should matter without exception.

A kind of ennui appears to have gripped everyone. Lack of governance during the past six decades and the growing unconcern displayed by those at the helm and the failings of the various pillars of democracy have added to this ennui. Ordinary citizens are not just victims of neglect and unconcern, even the judiciary has been suffering from the same kind of neglect and unconcern. 
We are a nation of hypocrites. On one hand, we make a demonstration of our allegiance to the constitution, while on the other we keep trampling over it whenever it suits us. We have more than 400 Articles in our constitution (it began with 395 Articles and has steadily been growing in number). One thought that since all articles are the product of the same constitution, all of them would carry equal weight, or would at least have the same degree of importance. But no, that is not the position. Some articles continue to be treated with complete disregard. For instance, most of the articles under Part IV, especially 44, 45, 46, 47 and 49 remain as mere embellishments. Talk of the Uniform Civil Code for citizens, many politicians will be up in arms as if it was blasphemous to talk about it; as if it was not a part of the constitution they seemingly VENERATE.

When will the time be ripe? With the kind of politicians lurking around, it is anybody’s guess if the time will ever be ripe. Indeed many politicians in private admit that reservation has done a great deal of harm to the nation in as much as it kept merit from surfacing in full bloom. I do not know if reservation on the basis of caste is allowed in any part of the world. I also do not know if considerations other than merit (nepotism excepted) are of any consequence in any part of the world. Is it not self-condemnation of those who led the country this long and failed to meet the basic requirements of the people and the nation? These people have much to answer to for the present ills.

  1. We have given ourselves a massive constitution that we cannot handle.

  2. Articles of the constitution are mere embellishments.

  3. Those taking oath by the constitution violate it the most.

  4. Those tasked to govern do not govern and deliver.

  5. People from all walks of life are victims of neglect and unconcern.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

(1) There is no gain in saying the fact that the author is preoccupied with the idea of a constitution that, according to him, has failed to deliver. Massive size of the constitution may be a factor, but that clearly does not demonstrate that ' We are a nation of the hypocrites’. (2) A hypocrite is he/she who says one thing and means or does quite the opposite. When the author says that some of the articles of the constitution are mere embellishments, he draws attention to this hypocritical positioning taken by those tasked to govern. Since this is practised routinely, it is hypocrisy of the worst kind. Even though this does not appear to apply universally, this is what the author seems to demonstrate. (3) This sounds like an exaggerated statement even though it is possible that a great number of people take oath by the constitution and violate it. Such violators can be called anything but hypocrites. (4) Failure of governance is no doubt a big issue here. This does not however demonstrate that we are a nation of the hypocrites. (5) This can be attributed to mis-governance or mal-governance, not to being hypocrite.

While referring to the Uniform Civil Code, the author uses the expression ‘the part of the constitution they seemingly venerate’. What does this suggest? (I) It suggests that all articles of the constitution are held with the same degree of esteem. (II) It suggests that the respect the politicians show to the constitution is not real or genuine. (III) It suggests that the Uniform Civil Code is the part of the same constitution which they publicly eulogize and venerate.

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

After India became independent, one angry citizen asked Nehru as to what the difference was between the regime they had overthrown and the one they had ushered in. That he was able to speak to the prime minister of the nation in this manner was the difference between the two regimes, Nehru replied, politely.
What Nehru said was the essence of democracy. In a democracy, one should be able to voice one’s concern on any matter without fear or favor. As long as this element is present, there is no danger to democracy.
After over half a century if we are able to give an affirmative answer to this question, we may claim to be on the right track. If not, something is definitely amiss. But mere expression of it is not enough unless it seems to have been heard where it was intended to be heard in the first place; and is not merely heard, but necessary remedial action is taken wherever and whenever feasible and desirable. In other words, in a democracy public opinion should matter without exception.

A kind of ennui appears to have gripped everyone. Lack of governance during the past six decades and the growing unconcern displayed by those at the helm and the failings of the various pillars of democracy have added to this ennui. Ordinary citizens are not just victims of neglect and unconcern, even the judiciary has been suffering from the same kind of neglect and unconcern. 
We are a nation of hypocrites. On one hand, we make a demonstration of our allegiance to the constitution, while on the other we keep trampling over it whenever it suits us. We have more than 400 Articles in our constitution (it began with 395 Articles and has steadily been growing in number). One thought that since all articles are the product of the same constitution, all of them would carry equal weight, or would at least have the same degree of importance. But no, that is not the position. Some articles continue to be treated with complete disregard. For instance, most of the articles under Part IV, especially 44, 45, 46, 47 and 49 remain as mere embellishments. Talk of the Uniform Civil Code for citizens, many politicians will be up in arms as if it was blasphemous to talk about it; as if it was not a part of the constitution they seemingly VENERATE.

When will the time be ripe? With the kind of politicians lurking around, it is anybody’s guess if the time will ever be ripe. Indeed many politicians in private admit that reservation has done a great deal of harm to the nation in as much as it kept merit from surfacing in full bloom. I do not know if reservation on the basis of caste is allowed in any part of the world. I also do not know if considerations other than merit (nepotism excepted) are of any consequence in any part of the world. Is it not self-condemnation of those who led the country this long and failed to meet the basic requirements of the people and the nation? These people have much to answer to for the present ills.

  1. Only (I)

  2. Only (II)

  3. Only (III)

  4. Both (I) and (II)

  5. Both (II) and (III)


Correct Option: E
Explanation:

(I) All articles are not shown the same degree of acceptance and that is the grouse of the author. (II) Apparently, the respect shown to the constitution is only for demonstration. There does not appear to be real and genuine respect for this instrumentality. (III) By attacking the hypocrisy of those in power who would not touch the Uniform Civil Code, the author seems to remind them that this article too comes from the same constitution that they so much eulogize and venerate.

The article leads to the conclusion that the author is

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

After India became independent, one angry citizen asked Nehru as to what the difference was between the regime they had overthrown and the one they had ushered in. That he was able to speak to the prime minister of the nation in this manner was the difference between the two regimes, Nehru replied, politely.
What Nehru said was the essence of democracy. In a democracy, one should be able to voice one’s concern on any matter without fear or favor. As long as this element is present, there is no danger to democracy.
After over half a century if we are able to give an affirmative answer to this question, we may claim to be on the right track. If not, something is definitely amiss. But mere expression of it is not enough unless it seems to have been heard where it was intended to be heard in the first place; and is not merely heard, but necessary remedial action is taken wherever and whenever feasible and desirable. In other words, in a democracy public opinion should matter without exception.

A kind of ennui appears to have gripped everyone. Lack of governance during the past six decades and the growing unconcern displayed by those at the helm and the failings of the various pillars of democracy have added to this ennui. Ordinary citizens are not just victims of neglect and unconcern, even the judiciary has been suffering from the same kind of neglect and unconcern. 
We are a nation of hypocrites. On one hand, we make a demonstration of our allegiance to the constitution, while on the other we keep trampling over it whenever it suits us. We have more than 400 Articles in our constitution (it began with 395 Articles and has steadily been growing in number). One thought that since all articles are the product of the same constitution, all of them would carry equal weight, or would at least have the same degree of importance. But no, that is not the position. Some articles continue to be treated with complete disregard. For instance, most of the articles under Part IV, especially 44, 45, 46, 47 and 49 remain as mere embellishments. Talk of the Uniform Civil Code for citizens, many politicians will be up in arms as if it was blasphemous to talk about it; as if it was not a part of the constitution they seemingly VENERATE.

When will the time be ripe? With the kind of politicians lurking around, it is anybody’s guess if the time will ever be ripe. Indeed many politicians in private admit that reservation has done a great deal of harm to the nation in as much as it kept merit from surfacing in full bloom. I do not know if reservation on the basis of caste is allowed in any part of the world. I also do not know if considerations other than merit (nepotism excepted) are of any consequence in any part of the world. Is it not self-condemnation of those who led the country this long and failed to meet the basic requirements of the people and the nation? These people have much to answer to for the present ills.

  1. highly critical of things having gone wrong after independence.

  2. self-introspective about what independent India could have done.

  3. critical that the policy of reservation has been prolonged.

  4. not satisfied with Nehru’s explanation.

  5. hugely disturbed by what has happened in post-independent India.


Correct Option: E
Explanation:

(1) The author points to things that have gone wrong after independence. Criticism means weighing of positives and negatives and coming to a conclusion. That does not appear to be the case here. (2) There is an element of self-introspection, but nothing of great importance. (3) The policy of reservation has indeed elicited strong disapproval of the author. But this is not the only element the author is unhappy about. (4) Nehru’s explanation only further invigorates the author to make an in-depth study of whatever went wrong in the country after independence. (5) There are many things in post independent India that has dismayed the author. In fact, much of what is occurring in the country has been disturbing him.

What is the central theme of this passage?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

After India became independent, one angry citizen asked Nehru as to what the difference was between the regime they had overthrown and the one they had ushered in. That he was able to speak to the prime minister of the nation in this manner was the difference between the two regimes, Nehru replied, politely.
What Nehru said was the essence of democracy. In a democracy, one should be able to voice one’s concern on any matter without fear or favor. As long as this element is present, there is no danger to democracy.
After over half a century if we are able to give an affirmative answer to this question, we may claim to be on the right track. If not, something is definitely amiss. But mere expression of it is not enough unless it seems to have been heard where it was intended to be heard in the first place; and is not merely heard, but necessary remedial action is taken wherever and whenever feasible and desirable. In other words, in a democracy public opinion should matter without exception.

A kind of ennui appears to have gripped everyone. Lack of governance during the past six decades and the growing unconcern displayed by those at the helm and the failings of the various pillars of democracy have added to this ennui. Ordinary citizens are not just victims of neglect and unconcern, even the judiciary has been suffering from the same kind of neglect and unconcern. 
We are a nation of hypocrites. On one hand, we make a demonstration of our allegiance to the constitution, while on the other we keep trampling over it whenever it suits us. We have more than 400 Articles in our constitution (it began with 395 Articles and has steadily been growing in number). One thought that since all articles are the product of the same constitution, all of them would carry equal weight, or would at least have the same degree of importance. But no, that is not the position. Some articles continue to be treated with complete disregard. For instance, most of the articles under Part IV, especially 44, 45, 46, 47 and 49 remain as mere embellishments. Talk of the Uniform Civil Code for citizens, many politicians will be up in arms as if it was blasphemous to talk about it; as if it was not a part of the constitution they seemingly VENERATE.

When will the time be ripe? With the kind of politicians lurking around, it is anybody’s guess if the time will ever be ripe. Indeed many politicians in private admit that reservation has done a great deal of harm to the nation in as much as it kept merit from surfacing in full bloom. I do not know if reservation on the basis of caste is allowed in any part of the world. I also do not know if considerations other than merit (nepotism excepted) are of any consequence in any part of the world. Is it not self-condemnation of those who led the country this long and failed to meet the basic requirements of the people and the nation? These people have much to answer to for the present ills.

  1. Essence of democracy

  2. Lack of governance

  3. Failure of the Constitution

  4. Reservation policy

  5. Uniform Civil Code


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

(1) When an author visits and revisits the same issue a number of times, he is drawing readers attention to the central theme. Essence of democracy is the central theme of this passage as the author devotes major part of his energy on this point alone. (2) One of the important elements, but not the central theme. (3) Yet another important ingredient with which the author is preoccupied, but not the central theme as it is just briefly alluded in the course of discussion. (4) One of the very important factors that the author attributes to lack of governance, excellence and growth of merit, etc., but clearly not the central theme. (5) This is alluded to merely by way of an example, not the central theme.

Which of the following is one of the conclusions the author appears to have drawn?

Directions: Answer the given question based on the following passage:

After India became independent, one angry citizen asked Nehru as to what the difference was between the regime they had overthrown and the one they had ushered in. That he was able to speak to the prime minister of the nation in this manner was the difference between the two regimes, Nehru replied, politely.
What Nehru said was the essence of democracy. In a democracy, one should be able to voice one’s concern on any matter without fear or favor. As long as this element is present, there is no danger to democracy.
After over half a century if we are able to give an affirmative answer to this question, we may claim to be on the right track. If not, something is definitely amiss. But mere expression of it is not enough unless it seems to have been heard where it was intended to be heard in the first place; and is not merely heard, but necessary remedial action is taken wherever and whenever feasible and desirable. In other words, in a democracy public opinion should matter without exception.

A kind of ennui appears to have gripped everyone. Lack of governance during the past six decades and the growing unconcern displayed by those at the helm and the failings of the various pillars of democracy have added to this ennui. Ordinary citizens are not just victims of neglect and unconcern, even the judiciary has been suffering from the same kind of neglect and unconcern. 
We are a nation of hypocrites. On one hand, we make a demonstration of our allegiance to the constitution, while on the other we keep trampling over it whenever it suits us. We have more than 400 Articles in our constitution (it began with 395 Articles and has steadily been growing in number). One thought that since all articles are the product of the same constitution, all of them would carry equal weight, or would at least have the same degree of importance. But no, that is not the position. Some articles continue to be treated with complete disregard. For instance, most of the articles under Part IV, especially 44, 45, 46, 47 and 49 remain as mere embellishments. Talk of the Uniform Civil Code for citizens, many politicians will be up in arms as if it was blasphemous to talk about it; as if it was not a part of the constitution they seemingly VENERATE.

When will the time be ripe? With the kind of politicians lurking around, it is anybody’s guess if the time will ever be ripe. Indeed many politicians in private admit that reservation has done a great deal of harm to the nation in as much as it kept merit from surfacing in full bloom. I do not know if reservation on the basis of caste is allowed in any part of the world. I also do not know if considerations other than merit (nepotism excepted) are of any consequence in any part of the world. Is it not self-condemnation of those who led the country this long and failed to meet the basic requirements of the people and the nation? These people have much to answer to for the present ills.

  1. India is plagued with various ills.

  2. People’s voice is not heard.

  3. Reservation has not served India’s cause.

  4. Independent India is not different from British India.

  5. The constitution has failed to deliver.


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

(1) One may infer this from the passage, but it’s too general and vague and not a conclusion drawn by the author himself. (2) No such clear position is taken by the author. (3) There is a definite indication towards that. The author seems sanguine that the policy of reservation has failed to serve the desired purpose. (4) Although, the author is dismayed by the post-independence India, no conclusions can be drawn that he treats India at par with the British India. (5) It is not the failure of the constitution as such, but the failure of the political class to uniformly implement the provisions of the constitution and that draws the ire of the author.

The passage contains information which would answer which of the following questions?

Passage:
Vedanta Metals has emerged as a paragon of productivity improvement in the last decade. The company, in a bid to become globally competitive, has launched ambitious employee productivity programs during the period. The results are there for all to see. In spite of these improvements, the productivity of an average factory worker in India is currently less than one-third of the productivity of a worker in China, or in the USA.
However, what India lacks in terms of productivity, is compensated to some extent by the availability of cheap labor in the country. That, and the fact that most Indians study English as a language during their schooling, and a large majority of Indians know enough English to understand instructions in the language, makes the country an attractive destination for foreign investors looking to diversify their manufacturing base in order to reduce dependence on a single supplier in China or elsewhere.
Many companies are increasingly wary of doing business with Chinese companies because of the abuse of intellectual property in the country. The fact that the industries are run under the direct, or indirect, control of the government makes it hard to press charges against the Chinese in cases of industrial espionage. The case of AMSC suing the Chinese company, and one time partner, Sinovel, for theft of proprietary software is a case in point. The fact that the Chinese courts have dismissed the case has caused even more anxiety among manufacturers partnering China. On the other hand, the dismissal of a case, by the Indian apex court, which the government of India had filed against Vodafone, an MNC, has cheered many about the neutrality of the Indian judicial system.
India has a huge domestic market, and research has shown that consumer demand in India is expected to treble in the next twenty years, thanks to rising incomes. For manufacturers, this is a godsend opportunity to tap the growing domestic demand. An investment now will position them favorably to benefit from the coming boom in the domestic demand. That India has a huge talent pool of engineers in practically every stream makes it attractive to manufacturers like Nissan, who are setting up plants in the nation, and plan to use the nation as an export hub.

  1. Why has there been a tectonic shift in outsourced manufacturing?

  2. Has China used subterfuge in order to remain world's number one manufacturing hub?

  3. Is India the next big thing in manufacturing?

  4. Is Indian industrial productivity far below global standards?

  5. Is India's cheap labor the biggest advantage for foreign manufacturers?


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

(1) Incorrect. A tectonic shift would mean a widespread and far-reaching change. The passage does not offer evidence that conveys that a massive restructuring has happened.

(2) Incorrect. The passage does not state whether or not China is the world's number one manufacturing nation.
(3) Correct. Because a multitude of factors is pointing towards India becoming a manufacturing destination of choice, the given option can be inferred.
(4) Incorrect. Only a comparison with USA and China is made. Based upon this, it is hared to infer that India's production efficiency is far below global standards.
(5) Incorrect. The passage mentions many other factors like the Indian judicial system, and domestic demand, and English speaking labor force.

Which of the following would sum up the prevailing situation in Indian manufacturing sector?

Passage:
Vedanta Metals has emerged as a paragon of productivity improvement in the last decade. The company, in a bid to become globally competitive, has launched ambitious employee productivity programs during the period. The results are there for all to see. In spite of these improvements, the productivity of an average factory worker in India is currently less than one-third of the productivity of a worker in China, or in the USA.
However, what India lacks in terms of productivity, is compensated to some extent by the availability of cheap labor in the country. That, and the fact that most Indians study English as a language during their schooling, and a large majority of Indians know enough English to understand instructions in the language, makes the country an attractive destination for foreign investors looking to diversify their manufacturing base in order to reduce dependence on a single supplier in China or elsewhere.
Many companies are increasingly wary of doing business with Chinese companies because of the abuse of intellectual property in the country. The fact that the industries are run under the direct, or indirect, control of the government makes it hard to press charges against the Chinese in cases of industrial espionage. The case of AMSC suing the Chinese company, and one time partner, Sinovel, for theft of proprietary software is a case in point. The fact that the Chinese courts have dismissed the case has caused even more anxiety among manufacturers partnering China. On the other hand, the dismissal of a case, by the Indian apex court, which the government of India had filed against Vodafone, an MNC, has cheered many about the neutrality of the Indian judicial system.
India has a huge domestic market, and research has shown that consumer demand in India is expected to treble in the next twenty years, thanks to rising incomes. For manufacturers, this is a godsend opportunity to tap the growing domestic demand. An investment now will position them favorably to benefit from the coming boom in the domestic demand. That India has a huge talent pool of engineers in practically every stream makes it attractive to manufacturers like Nissan, who are setting up plants in the nation, and plan to use the nation as an export hub.

  1. Playing a catch-up game with the rest of the world

  2. Competing directly with Chinese manufacturing sector

  3. Poised on the brink of a great precipice

  4. Readying to make a much greater contribution in future

  5. Emerging as an export hub


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

(1) Incorrect. 'Rest of the world' is a bit extreme considering that only China (and US in a limited reference) has been mentioned in the given context.

(2) Incorrect. Although the passage mentions how India is emerging as a preferred manufacturing hub, it does not support India rising as a challenge to China. Many companies are using India as an insurance policy against disruption of supplies from vendors in other countries.
(3) Incorrect. A precipice would mean being on the edge of a great fall.
(4) Correct. Because demand is expected to treble in the next two decades, and because the nation is emerging as a manufacturing and export hub, the option can be inferred. Refer last Para.
(5) Incorrect. Only Nissan is mentioned as setting up facilities in India that will serve as an export hub. The domestic demand is stressed more in the passage.

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